1. Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Chapter 16 & 17 The Lymphatic System and

2. Lymph Nodes Slide 12.6b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 12.3

3. The Lymphatic System Slide 12.1 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Two parts  Lymphatic  Lymphoid  Lymphatic system functions  Transport fluids back to the  Play essential roles in body defense and resistance to  Absorb digested fat at the intestinal

4. Lymphatic Characteristics Slide 12.2 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Lymph – excess tissue carried by lymphatic vessels  Properties of vessels  One way system toward the  No  Lymph moves toward the heart  Milking action of muscle  Rhythmic contraction of smooth muscle in vessel

5. Lymphatic Slide 12.3b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 12.1

6. Lymphatic Vessels Slide 12.4a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Lymphatic collecting vessels  Collects from lymph capillaries  Carries lymph to and lymph nodes Figure 12.2

7. Lymphatic Vessels Slide 12.4b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Lymphatic collecting vessels (continued)  Returns fluid to circulatory veins near the  Right lymphatic duct  duct Figure 12.2

8. Lymph Slide 12.5a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Materials returned to the blood  W  B  P

9. Lymph Slide 12.5b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Harmful materials that enter lymph vessels  B  V  C

10. Lymph Nodes Slide 12.6a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Filter lymph before it is returned to the  Defense cells within lymph nodes  Macrophages – and destroy foreign substances  Lymphocytes – provide immune response to

11. Lymph Nodes Slide 12.6b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 12.3

12. Lymph Node Structure Slide 12.7b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 12.4

13. Other Lymphoid Organs Slide 12.9 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Several other organs contribute to lymphatic function  S  T  P Figure 12.5

14. The Spleen Slide 12.10 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Located on the left side of the abdomen  Filters  Destroys blood cells  Forms blood cells in the  Acts as a blood

15. The Thymus Slide 12.11 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Located low in the, overlying the heart  Functions at peak levels only during  Produces (like thymosin) to program lymphocytes

16. Tonsils Slide 12.12 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Small masses of lymphoid tissue around the  Trap and remove and other foreign materials  Tonsillitis is caused by congestion with

18. Peyer’s Patches Slide 12.13 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Found in the wall of the  Resemble in structure  Capture and destroy bacteria in the

19. Mucosa-Associated Lymphatic Tissue (MALT) Slide 12.14 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Includes:  P  T  Other small accumulations of tissue  Acts as a guard to protect

20. Body Defenses Slide 12.15a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  The body is constantly in contact with bacteria, fungi, and viruses ( )  The body has two defense systems for foreign materials  defense system  Mechanisms protect against a variety of invaders  Responds to protect body from foreign materials

21. Body Defenses Slide 12.15b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Specific defense system  Specific defense is required for each type of  Also known as the system

22. Nonspecific Body Defenses Slide 12.16 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Body surface coverings  I  M membranes  Specialized human cells  Chemicals produced by the body

23. Surface Membrane Barriers – First Line of Defense Slide 12.17a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  The skin  Physical barrier to  pH of the skin is acidic to bacterial growth  S is toxic to bacteria  Vaginal secretions are very

24. Surface Membrane Barriers – First Line of Defense Slide 12.17b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Stomach  Secretes  Has enzymes  Saliva and lacrimal fluid contain  Mucus traps in digestive and respiratory pathways

25. Defensive Cells Slide 12.18a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Phagocytes (neutrophils and )  Engulfs foreign material into a  Enzymes from  digest the material Figure 12.6b

26. Macrophage attacking e-coli. Macrophage attacking e-coli.

27. Defensive Cells Slide 12.18b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Natural killer cells  Can lyse and kill cancer cells  Can destroy virus- infected cells Figure 12.6b

29. Inflammatory Response - Second Line of Defense Slide 12.19 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Triggered when body tissues are  Produces four cardinal signs  R  H  S  P  Results in a chain of events leading to protection and

30. Functions of the Inflammatory Response Slide 12.20 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Prevents spread of  Disposes of cell  Sets the stage for

31. Steps in the Inflammatory Response Slide 12.21 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 12.7

32. Chemicals Chemicals Slide 12.22a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Complement  A group of at least 20  Activated when they encounter and attach to (complement fixation) Figure 12.8

33. Antimicrobial Chemicals Slide 12.22b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Complement (continued)  Damage foreign surfaces  Will rupture or the foreign cell membrane Figure 12.8

35. Antimicrobial Chemicals Slide 12.22c Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  I  Secreted of virus-infected cells  Bind to healthy cell surfaces to inhibit viruses

36. Interferons are a family species-specific proteins synthesized by eukaryotic cells in response to viruses and a variety of natural and synthetic stimuli. There are several different interferons commonly used as therapeutics, termed alpha, beta, and gamma. These peptides are used to treat hairy cell leukemia, AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma, laryngeal papillomatosis, genital warts, and chronic granulomatous disease. Side effects include black tarry stools, blood in the urine, confusion, and loss of balance.

37. Fever Slide 12.23 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Abnormally high body  Hypothalmus heat regulation can be reset by (secreted by white blood cells)  High temperatures inhibit the release of iron and from liver and spleen needed by bacteria  Fever also increases the speed of

38. Specific Defense: The Immune System – Third Line of Defense Slide 12.24 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  A specific – recognizes and acts against particular foreign substances  Systemic – not restricted to the initial site  Has memory – recognizes and mounts a stronger attack on previously encountered

39. Types of Immunity Slide 12.25 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  H immunity  A -mediated immunity  Cells produce chemicals for  Cellular  Cell-mediated immunity  Cells target infected cells

40. Antigens (Nonself) Slide 12.26 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Any substance capable of exciting the immune system and provoking an immune response  Examples of common antigens  F  N  L  S  P  M

41. Self-Antigens Slide 12.27 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Human cells have many surface  Our cells do not attack our own proteins  Our cells in another person’s body can trigger an immune response because they are  Restricts for transplants

42. Allergies Slide 12.28 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Many small molecules (called or incomplete antigens) are not antigenic, but link up with our own proteins  The immune system may recognize and respond to a -hapten combination  The immune response is harmful rather than protective because it attacks

45. Cells of the Immune System Slide 12.29 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  L  Originate from hemocytoblasts in the  B lymphocytes become in the bone marrow  T lymphocytes become immunocompetent in the  Macrophages  Arise from  Become widely distributed in

46. Activation of Lymphocytes Slide 12.30 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 12.9

47. Humoral (Antibody-Mediated) Immune Response Slide 12.31a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  B lymphocytes with specific receptors bind to a specific  The binding event activates the lymphocyte to undergo  A large number of clones are produced (primary response)

48. Humoral (Antibody Mediated) Immune Response Slide 12.31b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Most B cells become cells  Produce antibodies to destroy  Activity lasts for four or five days  Some B cells become long-lived memory cells (secondary response)

49. Humoral Immune Response Slide 12.32 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 12.10

50. Active Immunity Slide 12.34 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Your B cells encounter antigens and produce  Active immunity can be naturally or artificially Figure 12.12

51. Passive Immunity Slide 12.35 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Antibodies are obtained from someone else  Conferred naturally from a  Conferred artificially from immune serum or g  Immunological does not occur  Protection provided by “borrowed antibodies”

52. Antibodies (Immunoglobulins) (Igs) Slide 12.37 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Soluble secreted by B cells (plasma cells)  Carried in  Capable of binding specifically to an

53. Antibody Classes Slide 12.39 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Antibodies of each class have slightly different roles  Five major immunoglobulin classes –  IgM – can fix  IgA – found mainly in  IgD – important in activation of  IgG – can cross the  IgE – involved in

54. Cellular (Cell-Mediated) Immune Response Slide 12.43 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 12.15

55. T Cell Clones Slide 12.44a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Cytotoxic T cells  Specialize in killing  Insert a toxic chemical ( )  Helper T cells  Recruit other cells to fight the invaders  Interact directly with

57. T Cell Clones Slide 12.44b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Suppressor  Release chemicals to suppress the activity of cells  Stop the immune response to prevent activity  A few members of each clone are cells

58. Summary of the Immune Response Slide 12.45 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 12.16

59. Organ Transplants and Rejection Slide 12.46a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Major types of  A – tissue transplanted from one site to another on the same person  I – tissue grafts from an identical person (identical twin)  A – tissue taken from an unrelated person  X – tissue taken from a different animal species

60. Organ Transplants and Rejection Slide 12.46b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Autografts and isografts are ideal  Xenografts are successful  A are more successful with a closer tissue match

61. Disorders of Immunity: Immunodeficiencies Slide 12.49 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Production or function of cells or complement is abnormal  May be congenital or  Includes – Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

62. Disorders of Immunity: Autoimmune Diseases Slide 12.50a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  The immune system does not distinguish between  The body produces and sensitized T lymphocytes that attack its own tissues

63. Disorders of Immunity: Autoimmune Diseases Slide 12.50b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Examples of autoimmune diseases  M – white matter of brain and spinal cord are destroyed  M – impairs communication between nerves and skeletal muscles  J – destroys pancreatic beta cells that produce insulin  Rheumatoid arthritis – destroys

64. Disorders of Immunity: Autoimmune Diseases Slide 12.50c Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Examples of autoimmune diseases (continued)  Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) – affects  Glomerulonephritis – impairment of function

65. HIV targets Retrovirus attaches to CD4 receptors of T –Transmission: Body fluids, i.e., blood, semen, breast milk, vaginal secretions Immune Deficiency: AIDS

66. The Structure of HIV Figure 9.19

67. Time Course of the Progression of AIDS after HIV Infection Figure 9.21

68. AIDS progression: –Phase I: few weeks to a few years; symptoms, swollen lymph nodes, chills, fever, fatigue, body aches. Virus is multiplying, antibodies are made but ineffective for complete removal –Phase II: within six months to years; opportunistic infections present, Helper T cells affected, may not progress to next phase –Phase III: Helper T cells fall below 200 per cubic millimeter of blood AND the person has an opportunistic infection or type of cancer. Person is now termed as having “AIDS” May include pneumonia, meningitis, tuberculosis, encephalitis, Kaposi’s sarcoma, and non-Hodgkin’s

69. More than million infected with HIV worldwide Most infections in sub-Sahara of Increasing spread in Asia and India Most often spread by outside U.S. AIDS Pandemic