1. Lecture 18

2. Becoming a Leader

3. Theories of Leadership

4. Big Man Theory Big Man Theory (politics, by birth Muhammad, Hitler, Churchill) Contingency Theory Contingency Theory (politics and change, Karzai, president of Iraq) Trait Theory Trait Theory (business and general administration)

5. Behaviors and Skills of Effective Leaders 1.Practice Strong Ethics 2.Direction Setting 3.Develop Partnerships with People 4.Help Group Members Reach Goals and Achieve Satisfaction 5.Set High Expectations 6.Give Frequent Feedback on Performance 7.Manage a Crisis Effectively 8.Ask the Right Questions 9.Be a Servant Leader

6. Behaviors and Skills of Effective Leaders In addition to personal attributes, a leader has to do things that influence group members to achieve good performance. In addition to personal attributes, a leader has to do things that influence group members to achieve good performance. The behaviors and skills of leaders described next contribute to productivity and morale in most situations. The behaviors and skills of leaders described next contribute to productivity and morale in most situations.

7. Behaviors and Skills of Effective Leaders 1. Practice Strong Ethics: Being trustworthy facilitates a leader practicing strong ethics, the study of moral obligation, or separating right from wrong. Being trustworthy facilitates a leader practicing strong ethics, the study of moral obligation, or separating right from wrong. Workers are more likely to trust an ethical leader. Workers are more likely to trust an ethical leader. Good ethics serves as a positive model for group members, thus strengthening the organization. Good ethics serves as a positive model for group members, thus strengthening the organization. Ethical leaders help group members avoid common ethical pitfalls such as lying, divulging confidential information, and covering up accidents. Ethical leaders help group members avoid common ethical pitfalls such as lying, divulging confidential information, and covering up accidents. An effective leader practices the Golden Rule. An effective leader practices the Golden Rule.

8. Behaviors and Skills of Effective Leaders 2.Direction Setting: Given that leaders are supposed to bring about change, they must point people in the right direction, including establishing a vision.

9. Behaviors and Skills of Effective Leaders 3. Develop Partnerships with People: In a partnership, the leaders and group members are connected in such a way that the power between them is approximately balanced. In a partnership, the leaders and group members are connected in such a way that the power between them is approximately balanced. A partnership involves an exchange of purpose, a right to say no for either side, joint accountability, and absolute honesty. A partnership involves an exchange of purpose, a right to say no for either side, joint accountability, and absolute honesty.

10. Behaviors and Skills of Effective Leaders 4.Help Group Members Reach Goals and Achieve Satisfaction: The leader smoothes out the path to goal attainment, and also looks out for the satisfaction of group members. The leader smoothes out the path to goal attainment, and also looks out for the satisfaction of group members. Another way of helping group members achieve goals is to reduce frustrating barriers to work accomplishment. Another way of helping group members achieve goals is to reduce frustrating barriers to work accomplishment.

11. Behaviors and Skills of Effective Leaders 5.Set High Expectations: Group members live up (or down) to the leader’s expectations according to the Pygmalion effect. Group members live up (or down) to the leader’s expectations according to the Pygmalion effect. The manager’s expectations become a self- fulfilling prophecy in part because when a leader expresses faith in group members, The manager’s expectations become a self- fulfilling prophecy in part because when a leader expresses faith in group members, the members become more confident. the members become more confident.

12. Behaviors and Skills of Effective Leaders 6.Give Frequent Feedback on Performance: Feedback is informational and rewarding. Feedback is informational and rewarding. Effective leaders inform employees how they Effective leaders inform employees how they can improve and praise them for things done can improve and praise them for things done right. right.

13. Behaviors and Skills of Effective Leaders 7.Manage a Crisis Effectively: Crisis management, including managing Crisis management, including managing adversity, is becoming the mode in adversity, is becoming the mode in organizations. organizations.

14. Behaviors and Skills of Effective Leaders 8.Ask the Right Questions: Leaders can make a major contribution by asking the right questions. Leaders can make a major contribution by asking the right questions. Although being knowledgeable about the group task is important, there are many times when asking group members penetrating questions is more important. Although being knowledgeable about the group task is important, there are many times when asking group members penetrating questions is more important. This is especially true because in today’s complex and rapidly changing business environment, the collective intelligence of group members is needed to solve problems. This is especially true because in today’s complex and rapidly changing business environment, the collective intelligence of group members is needed to solve problems.

15. Behaviors and Skills of Effective Leaders 9.Be a Servant Leader: A humanitarian approach to leadership is to be a servant leader, A humanitarian approach to leadership is to be a servant leader, one who serves group members by working on their behalf to achieve their goals, not his or her goals. one who serves group members by working on their behalf to achieve their goals, not his or her goals. Servant leadership stems naturally from a commitment to service. Servant leadership stems naturally from a commitment to service.

16. Developing Leadership Potential

17. 1. General education and specific training 2. Leadership development programs 3. Acquire broad experience 4. Modeling effective leaders 5.Self-development of leadership characteristics and behavior 6.Practice a little leadership. 7.Help your leader lead 8.Become an integrated human being

18. Developing Leadership Potential 1. General education and specific training: You should have general information and understanding about your field. You should have general information and understanding about your field. You should have specific training of your job related activities so that you could lead and guide your team members. You should have specific training of your job related activities so that you could lead and guide your team members.

19. Developing Leadership Potential 2. Leadership development programs: Leadership skills can be acquired by taking courses or programmes on leadership. Leadership skills can be acquired by taking courses or programmes on leadership.

20. Developing Leadership Potential 3. Acquire broad experience: A leader should have broader knowledge of the things in order to handle or run the affairs of the organization smoothly. A leader should have broader knowledge of the things in order to handle or run the affairs of the organization smoothly.

21. Developing Leadership Potential 4. Modeling effective leaders: You should have some models in your mind that you admire as good leaders. You should have some models in your mind that you admire as good leaders. You should try to internalize the characteristics of those leaders. You should try to internalize the characteristics of those leaders.

22. Developing Leadership Potential 5. Self- Development of Leadership Characteristics and Behavior: Study leadership characteristics and behavior, and target one or two for improvement through self- determination and self-monitoring of behavior. Study leadership characteristics and behavior, and target one or two for improvement through self- determination and self-monitoring of behavior.

23. Developing Leadership Potential 6. Practice a Little Leadership: Look for opportunities to exert a small amount of helpful leadership in contrast to waiting for opportunities to accomplish extraordinary deeds. Look for opportunities to exert a small amount of helpful leadership in contrast to waiting for opportunities to accomplish extraordinary deeds. Mentoring would be an example of practicing a little leadership. Mentoring would be an example of practicing a little leadership.

24. Developing Leadership Potential 7. Help Your Leader Lead: Leaders need assistance so they can do a good job and providing this assistance provides some leadership experience. Leaders need assistance so they can do a good job and providing this assistance provides some leadership experience.

25. Developing Leadership Potential 8.Become an Integrated Human Being: The leader is first and foremost a fully functioning person. The leader is first and foremost a fully functioning person. Leadership development is therefore the process of self-development. Leadership development is therefore the process of self-development. As a result, the process of becoming a leader is similar to the process of becoming an integrated human being. As a result, the process of becoming a leader is similar to the process of becoming an integrated human being.

26. Suggestions for Becoming More Charismatic Leader

27. 1. Communicate a vision 2. Make frequent use of metaphors and analogies 3. Inspire trust and confidence 4. Be highly energetic and goal oriented 5. Be emotionally expressive and warm 6. Make ample use of true stories 7. Smile frequently 8. Be candid 9. Make everybody feel that he or she is important 10. Multiply the effectiveness of your handshake 11. Stand up straight and also use non-verbal signals of self- confidence 12. Be willing to take personal risks 13. Be self-promotional