1. SEPTEMBER 8, 2015 Computer Hardware 1-1

2. HARDWARE TERMS CPU — Central Processing Unit RAM — Random-Access Memory  “random-access” means the CPU can read directly from and write to any memory location  holds both data and CPU instructions ROM — Read-Only Memory  holds initialization and hardware diagnostic programs Peripheral devices (secondary storage, input/output) 1-2

3. HARDWARE The CPU (Central Processing Unit) is made of millions of semiconductor devices, called transistors, etched into a silicon chip. Transistors are combined to form logical devices called gates. All digital electronics is basically made up of gates. 1-3

4. CPU In personal computers, the CPU is a microprocessor, contained on one chip. The CPU speed is measured in GHz (gigahertz, billions of clock cycles per second) or, in older computers, in MHz (megahertz, millions of cycles). A CPU instruction takes one or several clock cycles. 1-4 Heinrich Rudolf Hertz

5. “The Motherboard” The microprocessor (CPU) is protected by a small ceramic case mounted on a PC board (Printed Circuit Board) called the motherboard. There are also memory chips on the motherboard. These chips are stored in units called bits. Bits are grouped into groups of 8, called bytes. 1-5

6. MOTHERBOARD 1-6 CPU RAM (SIMMs) Extension slots ROM

7. THE CPU What a CPU can do is defined by its instruction set and internal registers. Registers are built in memory cells that hold operands, memory addresses, and intermediate results. A microprocessor CPU connects to memory and other devices through a set of parallel lines (wires printed on motherboard) controlled by digital electronics called a bus. 1-7

8. RAM, CPU, BUS 1-8 CPU Memory (RAM) Data bus Address bus Registers Memory (ROM)

9. MEMORY Each byte of memory has a unique address. A CPU does not have to read or write memory bytes sequentially. RAM - Random Access Memory (Think of a CD, you can choose to play any track you want, out of order) A small part of the computer memory is permanent and cannot be erased, Read-Only Memory (ROM). 1-9

10. ROM ROM has the initialization code that boots up the operating system. ROM also contains the configuration program and hardware diagnostic programs that check various computer components. (Keyboard, display, disk drives and other devices) 1-10

11. SECONDARY STORAGE 1- 11 Hard disk: 100 - 1000 GB CD-ROM: 700 MB A file is a software concept Flash drive: 1 - 64 GB

12. I/O DEVICES Monitor and video adapter Keyboard, mouse or touch pad Sound card, speakers, microphone Internet adapter, wi-fi (wireless) adapter D/A (digital-to-analog) and A/D (analog-to-digital) converters Scanners, digital cameras, printers 1-12

13. I/O Input/Output devices are connected to the computer via hardware interface modules. Personal computers are equipped with USB (Universal Serial Bus) ports 1-13

14. SOFTWARE LAYERS 1-14 Device drivers Operating system Applications BIOS, firmware

15. SOFTWARE TERMS Operating system  a program that maintains the file system, dispatches applications, and provides other system-level services Console application  a program with simple text user interface GUI — Graphical User Interface  graphics, menus, buttons, icons, etc. OOP — Object-Oriented Programming 1-15

16. SOFTWARE ENGINEERS ARE ABLE TO: Absorb and use emerging technical information Create sound software system architectures Understand and devise effective algorithms Be proficient with the syntax and style of programming languages Diagnose and correct programming errors 1-16 Continued...

17. SOFTWARE ENGINEERS ARE ABLE TO: Use software development tools and documentation Find and utilize reusable software components Design and implement friendly user interfaces Uphold the highest standards of professional ethics 1-17

18. THE INTERNET A network of interconnected computers that share common communication protocols, TCP/IP TCP: Transmission Control Protocol IP: Internet Protocol 1-18

19. THE INTERNET TERMS Browser  provides convenient way to download and display information from the Internet Search engine  indexes and helps find the Internet documents that contain specified keywords and phrases Portal  a large popular web site that has a collection of links arranged by category 1-19

20. The Internet Terms (cont’d) Host  a computer connected to a network Server  a computer on a network that provides a particular service (e.g., e-mail server) URL  Uniform Resource Locator, an address of a document or a resource on the Internet 1-20