1. Chapter 3. Aerodrome Traffic Control  3-1-1 FUNCTIONS OF AERODROME CONTROL TOWERS Issue information and clearances to aircraft to achieve a safe, orderly and expeditious flow of air traffic on and in the vicinity of an aerodrome with the object of preventing collision(s) between:  Aircraft within the designated area of responsibility  Aircraft/and obstructions/and vehicles on the maneuvering area  Aircraft landing and taking off Maintain continuous watch on observed or known traffic in the vicinity, as well as vehicles, equipment and personnel on the maneuvering area. Section 1. General

2. The aerodrome control tower may be performed by different working positions, such as:  Aerodrome controller ： operations on the runway  Ground controller ： traffic on the maneuvring area  Clearance delivery ： delivery of start-up and ATC clearances.  3-1-2 CONTROL OF RUNWAYS-IN-USE Positive coordination and control is required as follows:  Ground control must obtain approval from aerodrome control before authorizing an aircraft/vehicle to use the runway, and advise the operation is complete.  3-1-3 COORDINATION BETWEEN AERODROME AND GROUND CONTROLLERS Aerodrome and ground controllers shall exchange information. This may be accomplished via verbal means, flight progress strips, other written information, or automation displays. As a minimum provide aircraft identification and applicable runway/intersection/taxiway information.

3.  3-1-4 VEHICLES/EQUIPMENT/PERSONNEL ON RUNWAYS Ensure runway is free of all known ground vehicles, equipment and personnel before a departing aircraft starts takeoff or a landing aircraft crosses the runway threshold.  Do not permit vehicles or equipment to hold closer to the runway than runway holding position or a distance equals.  3-1-5 RUNWAY INCURSION OR OBSTRUCTED RUNWAY After a take-off or landing clearance has been issued, a runway incursion, or any obstruction on or in close proximity to the runway, appropriate action shall be taken:  Cancel take-off or landing clearance; inform the aircraft of the runway incursion or obstruction and its location ; report any occurrence involving an obstruction on the runway or a runway incursion.

4.  3-1-6 TRAFFIC INFORMATION Issue essential aerodrome traffic when necessary or when requested by the pilot. Essential traffic consists of any aircraft, vehicle or personnel on or near the manoeuvring area, or in the vicinity of the aerodrome, which may constitute a hazard to the aircraft concerned. EXAMPLE:  “Mower left of Runway Two Seven.”  “Workman on Taxiway Bravo.”  “Aircraft left of Runway One Eight.”  “Traffic, China Airlines B747 on downwind leg to your left.”  “Beech 1900 inbound from Lima Kilo on straight in approach to Runway One Zero.”  3-1-7 AIRCRAFT POSITION DETERMINATION Determine the position of an aircraft before issuing taxi instructions, or take-off clearance by visually, ASDE or ground-based system or by pilot reports.

5.  3-1-8 LOW LEVEL WIND SHEAR/MICROBURST ADVISORIES When low level wind shear/microburst is reported by pilots or by the Low Level Wind Shear Alert Systems, controllers must issue the alert to all aircraft until the alert is broadcast on the ATIS EXAMPLE: 10-A MBA 40K – 3MF. RUNWAY 10 ARRIVAL MICROBURST ALERT, 40 KNOT LOSS, 3 MILE FINAL. 28-D WSA 25K+ 2MD RUNWAY 28 DEPARTURE WIND SHEAR ALERT, 25 KNOT GAIN, 2 MILE DEPARTURE.  3-1-9 USE OF TOWER AIR SITUATION DISPLAYS (ASD) Air situation displays may be used to perform the following functions:  Monitoring aircraft on final approach, in the vicinity of aerodrome, establishing separation between succeeding departing aircraft; and providing navigation assistance to VFR flights.

6.  3-1-10 OBSERVED ABNORMALITIES Whenever an abnormal configuration or condition of an aircraft advise the aircraft without delay. EXAMPLE: “Landing gear appears up.” “Rear baggage door appears open.”  3-1-11 SUSPECTED DAMAGE ON DEPARTURE  3-1-12 SURFACE AIRSPACE RESTRICTIONS  3-1-13 ESTABLISHING TWO-WAY COMMUNICATIONS  3-1-14 AERODROME AND TAXI CIRCUIT

7.  3-2-1 LIGHT SIGNALS Use ATC light signals to control aircraft and the movement of vehicles, equipment and personnel on the movement area when radio communications cannot be employed.  Steady green, Steady red, Series of green flashes, Series of red flashes, Series of white flashes Series  3-2-2 ADDITIONAL LIGHT SIGNALS In emergency conditions, flash the runway or taxiway lights. This means vacate the runway and observe the tower for a light signal.  3-2-3 RECEIVER-ONLY ACKNOWLEDGMENT To obtain acknowledgment from an aircraft equipped with receiver only, request the aircraft to do the following: Section 2. Visual Signals

8. Section 3. Aerodrome Conditions  3-3-1 LANDING AREA CONDITION If you observe or are informed of any condition which affects the safe use of a landing area: Relay the information to the aerodrome operations office. Issue to aircraft as reported by the aerodrome authority.  EXAMPLE:  “All runways covered with mud six centimeter deep”  “Runway zero five WET”  3-3-2 CLOSED/UNSAFE RUNWAY INFORMATION If an aircraft requests to takeoff, land on a closed or unsafe runway, inform the pilot the runway is closed or unsafe.  3-3-3 TIMELY INFORMATION Issue aerodrome condition information as appropriate ： Construction work, Rough portions, Braking conditions, Temporary hazards, Irregular operation of lighting system, Volcanic ash, Other pertinent conditions..

9.  3-3-4 BRAKING ACTION Furnish quality of braking action, as received from pilots or the aerodrome management, to all aircraft as ： good, medium, poor.  3-3-5 BRAKING ACTION ADVISORIES When runway braking action reports are received from pilots which include the term “medium” or “poor” or whenever weather conditions are deteriorating or rapidly changing runway conditions, include on the ATIS broadcast the statement "Braking Action Advisories are in effect.“  3-3-6 ARRESTING SYSTEM OPERATION

10. Section 4. Aerodrome Lighting  3-4-1 EMERGENCY LIGHTING Whenever an emergency has or will occur, take action to provide for the operation of all appropriate airport lighting aids as required.  3-4-2 RUNWAY END IDENTIFIER LIGHTS  3-4-3 VISUAL APPROACH SLOPE INDICATORS (VASI)  3-4-4 PRECISION APPROACH PATH INDICATORS(PAPI)  3-4-5 APPROACH LIGHTS  3-4-6 ALS INTENSITY SETTINGS  3-4-7 SEQUENCED FLASHING LIGHTS (SFL) SFL are a component of the ALS and cannot be operated when the ALS is off.

11.  3-4-8 RUNWAY EDGE LIGHTS  3-4-9 HIGH INTENSITY RUNWAY, RUNWAY CENTERLINE, AND TOUCHDOWN ZONE LIGHTS  3-4-10 HIRL ASSOCIATED WITH MALSR  3-4-11 HIRL CHANGES AFFECTING RVR  3-4-12 HIGH SPEED TURNOFF LIGHTS  3-4-13 TAXIWAY LIGHTS  3-4-14 OBSTRUCTION LIGHTS  3-4-15 AERODROME BEACON  3-4-16 RUNWAY GUARD LIGHTS  3-4-17 STOP BARS

12. Section 5. Runway Selection  3-5-1 SELECTION Selection of runway-in-use:  Normally, an aircraft will land and take off into wind unless safety, the runway configuration, meteorological conditions and available instrument approach procedures or air traffic conditions determine a different direction is preferable.  If the runway-in-use is not suitable for the operation involved, the flight crew may request permission to use another runway. Except otherwise specified, use the runway most nearly aligned with the wind when 5 knots or more or the "calm wind" runway when less than 5 knots  3-5-2 TAILWIND COMPONENTS When tailwind exists, state both wind direction and velocity.

13. Section 6. Aerodrome Surface Detection Procedures  3-6-1 EQUIPMENT USAGE Use ASDE to augment visual observation of movements on runways and taxiways when:  Visibility less than the most distant point.  Its use will assist your duties.  Between sunset and sunrise.  3-6-2 INFORMATION USAGE Monitoring for compliance with instructions. Determining runway is clear of traffic. Providing information on or near maneuvering area. Determining the location of aircraft and vehicles. Providing directional taxi information to aircraft. Providing assistance and advice to emergency vehicles.

14.  3-6-3 IDENTIFICATION To identify an observed target with one or more of the following: Pilot/vehicle operator position report. Controller's visual observation. An identified target observed on the ASR or Tower surveillance radar display.

15. Section 7. Taxi And Movement Procedures  3-7-1 GROUND TRAFFIC MOVEMENT Issue specific instructions.  Do not issue conditional instructions that are dependent upon the movement of an arrival aircraft on or approaching the runway or a departure aircraft established on a take-off roll. Do not say Line up behind landing traffic or taxi across runway 36 behind departing/landing Jetstar.  Do not issue unconditional instructions for the airfield checks or other airport operations. Instructions must ensure positive control with specific instructions.  “Airport 1 proceed on taxi way B, hold short of Runway 18L.”  “Cleared on all surfaces” “Proceed on all runways and taxiways.

16.  3-7-2 TAXI AND GROUND MOVEMENT OPERATION  Issue the route in concise and easy to understand terms.  Specify the route/taxi instructions. “Cross Runway 28L, hold short of Runway 28R.” “Taxi/continue taxiing/proceed to the hangar.” “Taxi straight ahead then via ramp to the hangar.”  State the departure runway and taxi route.  “Runway 36L, taxi via taxiway Alpha, hold short of Charlie.”  “Runway 36L, taxi via Alpha, Charlie, cross Runway 10.”  “Follow (traffic), cross Runway 27R.”  “Cathay 451, proceed via Charlie hold short of Runway 27.” “Cathay 451, Roger.” “Cathay 451, read back hold instructions.”

17.  3-7-3 GROUND OPERATIONS WAKE TURBULENCE APPLICATION  3-7-4 RUNWAY PROXIMITY Hold a taxing aircraft or vehicle clear of the runway  3-7-5 PRECISION APPROACH CRITICAL AREA

18. Section 8. Sapcing And Sequencing  3-8-1 SEQUENCE/SPACING APPLICATION Adjust flight or ground operation to achieve proper spacing. Line up and wait Runway xx, Vacate Runway, Runway xx Cleared for take-off, Take-off immediately or vacate the runway, Hold position, Cancel take-off, I say again, cancel take-off, Stop immediately, Extend downwind, Make short approach, Number x follow xxx, Traffic (description and location) landing runway xx, Circle the airport, Make Left/Right 360/270, Make x orbit lest/right, Runway xx cleared to land, Runway xx cleared touch-and-go or stop-and-go or low approach, Runway xx cleared for the option.  3-8-2 TOUCH-AND-GO OR STOP-AND-GO OR LOW APPROACH  3-8-3 SIMULTANEOUS SAME DIRECTIONS OPERATION  3-8-4 SIMULTANEOUS OPPOSITE DIRECTION OPERATION

19. Section 9. Departure Procedures And Separation  3-9-1 DEPARTURE INFORMATION Aircraft shall be advised of the following information: runway, wind direction and speed, QNH, temperature, visibility(if less than 10 km, or RVR value)  3-9-2 UPDATING DEPARTURE INFORMATION Prior to take-off, advise aircraft any significant change in the wind direction and speed, the air temperature, and the visibility or RVR value.  3-9-3 DEPARTURE DELAY INFORMATION Issue delay information :when to start engines, pushback, taxi.  3-9-4 DEPARTURE CONTROL INSTRUCTIONS  3-9-5 LINE UP AND WAIT:Do not use conditional phrases such as “behind landing traffic” or “after the departing aircraft.”  3-9-6 ANTICIPATING SEPARATION:LUAW.

20.  3-9-7 SAME RUNWAY SEPARATION  3-9-8 WAKE TURBULENCE SEPARATION FOR INTERSECTION DEPARTURES  3-9-9 INTERSECTING RUNWAY SEPARATION

21.  3-9-10 TAKEOFF CLEARANCE  When issuing a clearance for takeoff, state runway, wind and takeoff clearance.  Runway xx, wind(direction and speed), cleared for takeoff.  When clearing an aircraft for takeoff from an intersection, state the runway intersection.  Runway xx at Bravo cleared for takeoff.  Runway xx at Bravo intersection departure 2300 meters avaiable.  3-9-11 CANCELLATION OF TAKE-OFF CLEARANCE  Hold position, Cancel takeoff, I say again, cancel takeoff.  Stop immediately(aircraft call sign) stop immediately.

22. Section 10. Arrival Procedures And Separation  3-10-1 FORWARDING INFORMATION TO APPROACH CONTROL  3-10-2 UPDATING INFORMATION ON FINAL APPRAOCH Runway, QNH, Significant changes in the wind direction and speed, wind shear or turbulence, visibility if less than 10km or RVR values.  3-10-3 TRAFFIC CIRCUIT INSTRUCTIONS Join left downwind, Make straight-in approach, Number x Follow…., Make short approach, Make long approach(or extend downwind), Report base(or Final, or Long final), Continue approach, Go around.

23.  3-10-4 SAME RUNWAY SEPARATION  3-10-5 LANDING CLEARANCE Runway xx, Wind xxx degrees xx knots, Cleared to land.  3-10-6 ANTICIPATING SEPARATION:LUAW  3-10-7 LANDING CLEARANCE WITHOUT VISUAL OBSERVATION : Not in sight, runway xx cleared to land.  3-10-8 WITHHOLDING LANDING CLEARANCE  3-10-9 RUNWAY EXITING Instruct aircraft where to turn-off the runway, and taxi instructions shall be provided.

24.  3-10-10 LEVEL RESTRICTED LOW APPROACH A low approach not less than 500 feet may be authorized except over an aircraft in takeoff position or a departure aircraft.  3-10-11 CLOSED TRAFFIC  3-10-12 OVERHEAD MANEUVER

25.  3-10-13 SIMULATED FLAMEOUT (SFO) OPERATIONS

26. Section 11. Helicopter Operations  3-11-1 TAXI AND GROUND MOVEMENT OPERATION Ground Taxi 、 Air-Taxi  3-11-2 HELICOPTER TAKEOFF CLEARANCE  3-11-3 HELICOPTER DEPARTURE SEPARATION  3-11-4 HELICOPTER ARRIVAL SEPARATION  3-11-5 HELICOPTER LANDING CLEARANCE Section 12. Engine Staring Aand Push Back Procedure  3-12-1 ENGINE STARTING PROCEDURE Start up approved, expected departure (time) start up at own discretion.  3-12-2 PUSH BACK PROCEDURE Push back approved, standby, expect (time) delay due to(traffic information)