1. Francis Lasalo Ngonga1 AVIATION SECURITY Last session’s recap  Definition of hijack & historical development  Hague convention & resolutions  Montreal supplementary protocol (1988) & resolutions  Life after the Montreal convention of 1999

2. Francis Lasalo Ngonga2 TERRORISM  Terrorism is of French origin  1 st used in 1798 & later identified with reign of terror  Coercive intimidation due to terror or fear  At times aim is to cause more psychological harm than physical and or revenge  The term gets ‘clouded’ because some want to justify it through political or national interests

3. Francis Lasalo Ngonga3  When introduced in 1798, terrorism was the defined as: “government by intimidation as carried out by the party in power in France during the revolution of 1789-1797”

4. Francis Lasalo Ngonga4 Defined by CIA in 1980 as ‘The threat or use of violence for political purposes by individuals or groups, whether acting for or in opposition to established governmental authority, when such actions are intended to shock, stun or intimidate victims. Terrorism has involved groups seeking to overthrow specific regimes, to rectify perceived national or group grievances, or to undermine international order as an end in itself.’

5. 5 Other popular definitions A criminal act that has planning, the use of a technology and a socio-political cause, and is designed to foster fear and dread outside the immediate impact area.

6. 6 Acts & types of terrorism  Acts of terrorism are either direct or indirect  Direct are physical attacks  Indirect are illegal activities e.g. money to provide support  Common types of terrorism are:  Armed attacks, bombings, arson murders, physical injuries, hijackings & kidnappings  Aimed at individuals, properties or both

7. Francis Lasalo Ngonga7 Objectives of terrorists Include the following: 1)Instilling a sense of fear & helplessness 2)Instilling a sense of impotence & intimidation 3)Mess up national economy by discouraging FDIs & tourists 4)Create international incidents to publicize their cause

8. Francis Lasalo Ngonga8 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF TERRORISM Terrorism acts have always been there in civilized societies Terrorism acts have steadily been increasing in the last number of years PeriodIncidentsDeathsInjuries 1970s8,1144,7986,902 1980s31,4267,05947,849 1990-199627,08751,79758,814 2000-200614,92424,67549,540

9. Francis Lasalo Ngonga9 RECENT CASES OF TERRORISM 1)1 st bombing of world center in the US 2)1995 Oklahoma city building bombing 3)1996 Olympic park building in Atlanta 4)Destruction of Pan Am flight 103 over Lockerbie, Scotland – 1988 5)TWA flight 800 off Long Island, New York in 1996 6)US embassy bombing in Kenya & Tanzania in 1998 7)Sep 11, 2001 US terrorist attacks

10. Francis Lasalo Ngonga10  A terrorist is a hostis humani generis  or common enemy of humanity  Terrorism in civil aviation includes: 1)Aircraft hijacking 2)Aviation sabotage 3)Missile attacks by SAM 4)Armed attacks on airports 5)Narco-terrorism

11. Francis Lasalo Ngonga11 TERRORISM  A large number of stakeholders agree that prior to Sept 11 2001 events in most airport security was fragmented  Various security teams, namely: Airports, airlines and regulators were not coordinated  Lax on: 1)Pax screening & carry on luggage 2)Checked baggage & cargo 3)Access control to operational areas  Weaknesses with the system (soft system)

12. Francis Lasalo Ngonga12 Cont. terrorism GGaps or holes in the network WWeaknesses in the oversight functions LLack of communication between regulators & the regulated OOperators viewed security from the costs issue (even now to some extent) FFollowing a disaster security would be beefed up only to be relaxed later

13. Francis Lasalo Ngonga13 Cont. terrorism

14. Francis Lasalo Ngonga14  The marginal cost & marginal benefit curves shown were drawn from ‘self view’ point as opposed broader stakeholders view  The players appeared to forget that a chain is as strong as its weakest link  In a spoke and hub situation of which aviation is a prime representative, a disruptive spills to the entire network  Events of 9/11 more than proved this

15. Francis Lasalo Ngonga15 Reasons why terrorism has been escalating  Changing & sometimes unstable, political & social dynamics of world  Advanced technology & more powerful, highly concentrated explosives  Relatively inexpensive cost & increased availability of materials that are used in explosive devices plus chemical weapons

16. Francis Lasalo Ngonga16

17. Francis Lasalo Ngonga17 Clarifications, questions and feedback Thank you very much for your attention and cooperation