1. Secular clergy: working in world (saeculum) Regular clergy:following monastic rule (regula) Minor orders:low-ranking clergy Major orders:high-ranking clergy, “deacons up”

2. Pope Archbishops Patriarchs of Jerusalem, Constantinople, Antioch and Alexandria Bishops Priests Deacons Subdeacons, Lectors, Acolytes, Doorkeepers, Exorcists, etc. Major Orders Minor Orders

3. Sources of Episcopal Power 1. Spiritual position 2. Family descent 3. Influence at court 4. Involvement in civil administration 5. Land = wealth

4. Arguments for Papal Primacy 1. Apostolic succession from Peter 2. Rome sanctified by blood of many martyrs 3. Rome never contaminated by heresies

5. 344 Council of Sardica (Sophia) makes Rome court of appeal for bishops 381 Council of Constantinople affirms papal primacy, with patriarch of Constantinople as second-in-command “And I tell you, you are Peter, and on this rock I will build my church, and the gates of Hades will not prevail against it. I will give you the keys of the kingdom of heaven, and whatever you bind on earth will be bound in heaven, and whatever you loose on earth will be loosed in heaven.” (Matt 16: 18-19)

6. Pope Leo I (the Great, p. 440-61) Petrine doctrine of papal power formalised by Pope Leo I 451 Council of Chalcedon 453 Leo negotiates with Attila 455 Leo negotiates with Vandals

7. St Simon the Stylite (c. 388-459) St Pachomius (c. 290-346) St Athanasius (c. 296-373)

8. St Benedict of Nursia (c. 450-543) c. 520 Establishes monastic community at Monte Cassino Holy Rule