1. Animal Digestion Chapter #2

2. What are Nutrients? n parts of food which provide for growth, maintenance, body functions n Carbohydrates (CHO) n Fats n Proteins n Vitamins n Minerals n Water

3. What is a Ruminant? n Animals with more than one stomach n Chew their cud (re-chew food) n Cows, sheep, goats n Cows have four stomachs

4. Why don’t cattle need as much B vitamins? n Microorganisms in the stomach of the cow make their own B vitamins n Can also make some proteins if given the right kind of Nitrogen

5. NonRuminants n Foragers: Horse, rabbit n NonForagers: pig, poultry

6. How much to feed? n Depends on function of animal n Pregnant, Lactating, Working, Growing n How often to feed Depends on stomach size & rate of metabolism Depends on stomach size & rate of metabolism Stomach size is relavant to amount of feed fed Stomach size is relavant to amount of feed fed Mink = 4-6 times/day, Cows = 1-2 /day Mink = 4-6 times/day, Cows = 1-2 /day

7. What foods give energy? n Carbohydrates (starch & cellulose) & Fats n Fat = 2 1/2 times energy of CHO n Energy is major part of a feed ration n Up to 90% of a ration for a steer n Measured in Kilocalories or TDN (Total Digestible Nutrients)

8. What are Proteins? n Used to build muscle, body tissue n Made of amino acids n Ruminants can make some proteins n Simple Stomachs need specific amino acids

9. What are Minerals? n Natural elements which regulate certain body functions n Na, Ca, P, Fe, Cu, K, Mn, Mg, Zn, Mo, Se, I, Co n Most are trace minerals

10. What are vitamins? n Compounds responsible for certain functions n Fat Soluable = A, D, E, K n Water Soluable = B, C

11. What are additives? n Antibiotics: disease prevention n Coccidiostats: control parasites n Xanthophyll: makes egg yolks yellow n Hormones: increase growth n Tranquilizers: calm nerves (cattle, turkeys) n Antioxidants: prevent feed from getting rancid n Pellet Binders: keep in pellet form n Flavoring Agents: make taste better

12. Livestock Feeding n Roughage = high fiber, low energy n Concentrate = low fiber, high energy