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3. Solution – mixture that has the same composition color, density and taste throughout- the best mixed mixture- A homogeneous mixture. Solute –substance being dissolved Solvent –substance doing dissolving * Solutions can also be gaseous, like the air you breath, or even solid, like brass and sterling silver. A solution can be found in all three states of matter.

4. Nitty Gritty Science, LLC ©2016 When forming a solution, there are three ways to speed up the rate of the dissolving process: Stirring – brings more solvent in contract w/ solute Increase Surface area – by breaking up a solid, for instance, by crushing it into a powder, allows more solvent to come in contract w/ solute Increase temperature – increasing temperature speeds up particles causing them to bump each other, breaking apart and coming in contract w/ solvent

5. Nitty Gritty Science, LLC ©2016 Solubility – maximum amount of a solute that can be dissolved in a given amount of solvent at a temperature Concentration – percent by volume of solute in solvent  concentrated – large amount of solute in solvent  Ex: Lemonade made with too much solute- super sweet  dilute – small amount of solute in solvent  Ex: Lemonade made with not enough solute- tastes like water

6. Nitty Gritty Science, LLC ©2016 SaturatedUnsaturatedSupersaturated contains all solute it can hold at given temperature able to dissolve more solute at given temperature contains more solute then a saturated one solution is unstable Types Of Solution

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8. Acid – substance that produces hydrogen ions (H + ) in solution Four properties of acids: acids taste sour acids are electrolytes (can conduct electricity in a solution) acids are corrosive acids react with indicators to produce a predictable color change

9. Nitty Gritty Science, LLC ©2016 Base substance that produces hydroxide ions (OH - ) in solution; also accepts H + from acids Five properties of bases: in undissolved state, many bases are crystalline solid in solution, bases feel slippery bases have a bitter taste strong bases are corrosive bases react with indicators

10. Nitty Gritty Science, LLC ©2016 Indicator – organic compound that changes color in the presence of acid or base Ex. litmus paper Neutralization –chemical reaction between an acid and a base in a water solution which results in formation of salt and water Salt –compound formed when negative ions of an acid combine with positive ions from a base

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12. The strength of an acid or base depends on how many acid or base particles dissociate (change into) into ions in water. Strong acid – ionizes almost completely in water Weak acid – only partly ionizes in solution Strong base – dissociates completely in solution Weak base – does not completely dissociate

13. Nitty Gritty Science, LLC ©2016 Dissociate= chemical change Dissolve= physical change * it is possible to have dilute solutions of strong acids and bases, as well as concentrated solutions of weak acids and bases. Strength vs. Concentration The terms strong and weak refer to the ease which an acid or base dissociates in a solution. The terms dilute and concentrated are used to indicate the amount of acid or base dissolved in solution

14. Nitty Gritty Science, LLC ©2016 pH – measure of concentration of H + ions in a solution or how acidic or basic it is pH scale typically ranges from 0 – 14 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 ACIDICBASIC NEUTRAL STRONG WEAK