1. Unit B-L6-(P:127-137) Language Varieties focus on Users Regional and social dialects (P:127) Social Variation(P:136) Social Dialect( P:137)

2. Mid Term Schedule

3. Regional and social dialects(P:127) When you speak your regional dialcet, then you signal: 1/ membership of a group. 2/social identity( social status, gender, age.( See example(1)(P:127)

4. Terms: Accents: way of Pron. Also, accents are distinguished from each other by pronunciation. Dialects: linguistic varieties which are distinguishable by their vocabulary, grammar and pronunciation. * Examples of different regional dialects: Example two: word tog in English refers to clothes one wears in formal dinner, but in New Zealand, it refers to clothes one wears to swim in. in British English: pavement, boot, bonnet, petrol, baggage. in American English: sidewalk, trunk, hood, gas, luggage.

5. No 2 people speak exactly same. May sources of variation happens in speech (even one vowel can pronounced in 100 different ways. Some features shared by one group not shared by other, they see this as important. Why, because it distinguished them from another groups Example: is Scottish pronunciation, grammar and voc. Different from people of England. Also, a variation found between Scotland itself.

6. Regional Variation International Variation Look example 2/ P: 128 for the different variation in pronunciation Look at the following pronounced dead for dad Bad- for bed Pens- for pins Pans for pens

7. Another example: American ladder- be latter See: Unmarried Australian England Sole parents single parents New Zealand Solo parents

8. Home work exercise 1 P:129 Go to Webster dictionary Tell which the words are American and which is British Answer(A-B- A_B_A_B_A_B)

9. Example for different usage See the different in grammar usage also Example 3- P: 129 Between British and American American British American use Do you have gotten Have you got

10. Different Pronunciation see P: as Spanish and French Spanish can hear their Language pronounced differently in the counties that use varieties. How do these differences in pronunciations discovered? When the native speakers of for example English meet with English speakers from other nations who speak English

11. drop P: 130-136 drop P: 130-136 P: 136 Social Variation But, on P: 136 RP (Social Accent) Use by: BBC for decades

12. Social Variation Understand what is RP(136) What is RP stand for” It is an abbreviation for Receive Pronunciation Example 7 It means: It is the accent of the best educated and most prestigious members of English Society. The accent of the Royal court. But, sometimes one can hear more the one accents related to the highest social group

13. Social Dialect-P: 137 - Accent: accents are distinguished from each other by pronunciation. Social dialects: a variety of language that reflects social variation in language use, according to certain factors related to the social group of the speaker such as education, occupation, income level (upper-class English, middle-class English and lower-class English. For example: Standard English can be classified as a type of social English spoken by the well-educated English speakers throughout the world.

14. Q Is there a relationship between one's language and one's social identity? The language one uses often reflects one's social identity and education, for example: dropping the initial h in words like house can indicate a lower socioeconomic background. On the other hand, pronouncing the letter r in the city of New York is considered as a prestigious feature, but the opposite is true in London.

15. Standard English P:137 Example 8: Shows the different way to speak acceptable standard language where a little amount variation in grammar. Less standard English: is speech of less prestigious social groups There are standard English: As: American Standard E- Australian SE- both from British diaects

16. Isogloss: a term that refers to the boundary lines that mark the areas in which certain dialect words are used. - Sharp Stratification: it refers to the pattern that certain pronunciation features such as h-dropping and grammatical features such as mutable negation divide speaking communities sharply between the middle class and the lower classes.

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