1. Phonetic Variation Dialects and Accents

2. Phonetic Variation  Poll Everywhere  https://www.polleverywhere.com/ https://www.polleverywhere.com/

3. Phonetic Variation  Accent  Spoken by non-native speakers  Reflects normal influence of native phonological and phonetic system  Dialect  Spoken by native speakers of the same language  Mutually intelligible  Same linguistic evolution  Reflects normal variation in language

4. Dialects and Accents  Perceptual Bias  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=84k2i M30vbY https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=84k2i M30vbY  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S1bZjd dEnn4 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S1bZjd dEnn4  1:55-2:22

5. Dialect  Standard American English (SAE)  http://accent.gmu.edu/browse_language. php?function=detail&speakerid=563 http://accent.gmu.edu/browse_language. php?function=detail&speakerid=563  Transcribe: snow, need, kids, bags, Wednesday  Used in the media  Taught in schools  Described in dictionaries

6. Dialect  Regional Dialects  Variations in dialect according to geographical region  Southern dialects  Monothongization : a / a I (hide), / I (joyful)  Diphthongization: i ə / I (kid), ʌ I / i (need), e I / Ɛ (dress), e ə /æ (had)  http://accent.gmu.edu/browse_language.ph p?function=detail&speakerid=445 http://accent.gmu.edu/browse_language.ph p?function=detail&speakerid=445

9. Dialect  Regional Dialects  North Central  Monothongization  e/e I (leg), o/o ʊ (boat)  e:/æ (bag)  http://accent.gmu.edu/browse_language.php?f unction=detail&speakerid=94 http://accent.gmu.edu/browse_language.php?f unction=detail&speakerid=94

11. Dialect  Regional Dialects  New York  Postvocalic ɚ deletion  http://accent.gmu.edu/searchsaa.php?function=d etail&speakerid=121 http://accent.gmu.edu/searchsaa.php?function=d etail&speakerid=121  Pre /r/ differentiation  Mary, Merry, Marry  Video  /æ/ tense and lax differences  Hammer, Planning  Video

13. Dialect  English (regional) dialectal differences are primarily in vowels  Specific to English  Not necessarily the case in other languages  Spanish  /s/ vs /θ/  /j/ vs/∫/ vs / ȝ / vs /d ȝ / vs /z/  /s/-blends

14. Dialect  Social dialects  Variation in dialect according to social categories  Age, gender, education level, race, political party  African American Vernacular English (AAVE)  Vowel and consonant variations  Similarities with southern dialects  f/θ, final consonants, clusters  International Dialects of English Archive http://www.dialectsarchive.com/mississippi-3 http://www.dialectsarchive.com/mississippi-3

15. Dialect  *Not every member of a regional or social group uses all the same phonetic variations*  *Not every member uses all variations in every situation*

16. Dialect  Articulation difference or disorder?  What is normal in the client's environment?  Barry Kripke  1:22-2:08 1:22-2:08  Consider his phonemic environment  Some areas use /ou/ for /l/ (but not r, and not his area)  Articulation disorder

17. Dialect  Other English Dialects  Australia  New Zealand  Canada  United Kingdom  Jamaica  South Africa  India  Malaysia  Singapore

18. Accent  Spoken by non-native speakers  L1 = (first) native language  L2 = Second (non-native) language  Sound systems are defined in childhood.  L2 exposure prior to critical period = speaker usually sounds native  L2 exposure after critical period = speaker usually has an accent  L2 exposure during critical period = a tossup

19. Accent  Interference: An accented speaker uses L1’s phonology system instead L2’s  Which sounds are and aren't present or absent in L1?  Which are allophones of the same phoneme, and which are different phonemes?  Use native language patterns  Substitute the most similar sound in the native language

20. Accent  Phonemes or allophones?  Spanish: /j, ȝ, d ȝ, z, ∫/ = same  Japanese, Korean: /r, l/ = same  Amharic (Ethiopia): /k/, /k'/ = different  L1 patterns  Final /a/ vs / ə / in Spanish (2:51-3:00) Final /a/ vs / ə / in Spanish  Non-nasal codas in Mandarin

21. Swedish vs English

22. Spanish vs English

23. Accent  Please call Stella  Chinese Chinese  Spanish Spanish  Sarua (Chad) Sarua (Chad)  Latvian Latvian

24. Accent  Suprasegmentals  Can impact intelligibility more than phonemes  Video

25. Accent  Yes, school. That’s where people go to learn things, like not to keep children up all night.  Well listen, you were saying you used to like riding motorcycles, right? So I brought you one.

26. Accent  Yes, school. That’s where people go to learn things, like not to keep children up all night.  Well listen, you were saying you used to like riding motorcycles, right? So I brought you one.

27. Accent/Dialect Variation vs Speech Sound Disorder  Compare expected to observed  Ask a family member or native speaker  Accent modification therapy  Articulation therapy  Work on what causes the biggest impact  Don’t forget about suprasegmentals