1. WATER RESOURCES Miller Chapter 14

2. A. Importance A. Importance Leonardo da Vinci said that “Water is the driver of nature.” Without water, the other nutrient cycles would not exist in their present forms, and current forms of life on earth could not exist. Leonardo da Vinci said that “Water is the driver of nature.” Without water, the other nutrient cycles would not exist in their present forms, and current forms of life on earth could not exist. I. The Water Resource

3. A. Hydrogen Bonds  Attraction Between Molecules A. Hydrogen Bonds  Attraction Between Molecules The strong forces of attraction between molecules of water. The strong forces of attraction between molecules of water. II. Properties of Water

4. B. Heat Capacity Water changes temp very slowly because it can store heat. This protects living organisms from the shock of abrupt temperature changes. Water changes temp very slowly because it can store heat. This protects living organisms from the shock of abrupt temperature changes.

5. C. Liquidity of Water Water exists as a liquid over a wide range of temperatures because of the strong attractive forces between its molecules. Water exists as a liquid over a wide range of temperatures because of the strong attractive forces between its molecules. High boiling pt: 100 o C (212 o F) High boiling pt: 100 o C (212 o F) Low freezing pt: 0 o C (32 o F) Low freezing pt: 0 o C (32 o F)

6. D. Heat of Vaporization The temperature at which water turns to vapor. The temperature at which water turns to vapor.

7. E. Universal Solvent Water can dissolve a wide variety of compounds. This means it can easily become polluted by water-soluble wastes. Water can dissolve a wide variety of compounds. This means it can easily become polluted by water-soluble wastes.

8. F. Expansion When Frozen Ice has a lower density than liquid water. Thus, ice floats on water. Ice has a lower density than liquid water. Thus, ice floats on water.

9. G. Ionization Water molecules break down into hydrogen ions & hydroxide ions Water molecules break down into hydrogen ions & hydroxide ions Helps maintain acid-base balance Helps maintain acid-base balance

10. Examples – streams, rivers, and lakes Examples – streams, rivers, and lakes Source – precipitation Source – precipitation Watershed (drainage basin)– Ex. small streams  larger streams  rivers  sea Watershed (drainage basin)– Ex. small streams  larger streams  rivers  sea Surface Runoff – water that does not infiltrate the ground or return to the atmosphere flows into streams, lakes, wetlands & reservoirs Surface Runoff – water that does not infiltrate the ground or return to the atmosphere flows into streams, lakes, wetlands & reservoirs A. Surface Water III. Sources of Water

11. B. Groundwater – precipitation that does infiltrate the ground & percolate down Aquifers– porous rock w/ water flowing through Aquifers– porous rock w/ water flowing through Zone of Saturation – all pores in soil/rock are filled with water Zone of Saturation – all pores in soil/rock are filled with water Water Table – the level of earth’s land crust to which the aquifer is filled Water Table – the level of earth’s land crust to which the aquifer is filled Zone of Aeration – Unsaturated zone lying above the water table Zone of Aeration – Unsaturated zone lying above the water table Renewability – the circulation rate of groundwater is slow Renewability – the circulation rate of groundwater is slow (300 to 4,600 years).

12. IV. Water Usage Irrigation – watering 18% of crops Irrigation – watering 18% of crops Industry – food production, coolant (power plant) Industry – food production, coolant (power plant) Domestic and Municipal – drinking, sewage, bathwater, dishwater & laundry Domestic and Municipal – drinking, sewage, bathwater, dishwater & laundry

13. A. Too Much Water Problems include: flooding, pollution of water supply, & sewage seeping into the ground. Problems include: flooding, pollution of water supply, & sewage seeping into the ground. V. Water Problems

14. Too Much Water con’t To reduce flooding, rivers have been: To reduce flooding, rivers have been: Dammed to create reservoirs Dammed to create reservoirs Narrowed & straightened (channelization) Narrowed & straightened (channelization) Equipped with levees & walls Equipped with levees & walls * These measures can be overwhelmed & actually increase flood damage & erosion Can be good: Flood waters recede & deposits of silt are left behind, creating nutrient-rich soil Can be good: Flood waters recede & deposits of silt are left behind, creating nutrient-rich soil

15. 1. Current flood data Rivers above flood stage >99% full 95-98% full

16. Examples include: drought or low precipitation, not enough runoff, high evaporation & expanding deserts. Examples include: drought or low precipitation, not enough runoff, high evaporation & expanding deserts. B. Too Little Water

17. C. Overdrawing Surface Water Lake levels drop, recreation use drops, fisheries drop, and salinization occurs. Ex. Russia (Aral Sea); water transfer for irrigation. Now it’s a huge disaster (read pg. 324 in text). Lake levels drop, recreation use drops, fisheries drop, and salinization occurs. Ex. Russia (Aral Sea); water transfer for irrigation. Now it’s a huge disaster (read pg. 324 in text). 1964 1997

18. D. Aquifer Depletion This harms endangered species, and salt water can seep in. This harms endangered species, and salt water can seep in.

19. E. Salinization of Irrigated Soil Water with high salinity is poured onto soil and evaporates. Over time, as this is repeated, nothing will grow there anymore. Water with high salinity is poured onto soil and evaporates. Over time, as this is repeated, nothing will grow there anymore.

20. A. Surface Water Problems The polluted Mississippi River (non-source point pollution) has too much phosphorus. The polluted Mississippi River (non-source point pollution) has too much phosphorus. In the Erie Canal, which connects the ocean to the Great Lakes via the Hudson River, lampreys came in and depleted the fish. The zebra mollusk is also a problem in the Great Lakes. In the Erie Canal, which connects the ocean to the Great Lakes via the Hudson River, lampreys came in and depleted the fish. The zebra mollusk is also a problem in the Great Lakes. VI. U.S. Water Problems

21. B. Mono Lake (like the Dead Sea) This has a huge salt concentration due to man’s draining. (like the Dead Sea) This has a huge salt concentration due to man’s draining.

22. C. Colorado River Basin These are dams & reservoirs that feed from the Colorado River all the way to San Diego, LA, Palm Springs, Phoenix & Mexico. So far has worked because they haven’t withdrawn their full allocations. See Miller p. 320 - 322 These are dams & reservoirs that feed from the Colorado River all the way to San Diego, LA, Palm Springs, Phoenix & Mexico. So far has worked because they haven’t withdrawn their full allocations. See Miller p. 320 - 322

23. D. Water Transfer California Water Project – uses a maze of pumps, dams, & aqueducts to transport water from water-rich Northern California to water-poor Southern California (higher pop’n) California Water Project – uses a maze of pumps, dams, & aqueducts to transport water from water-rich Northern California to water-poor Southern California (higher pop’n) Degrading Sacramento River Degrading Sacramento River Threaten fisheries Threaten fisheries Reduce pollutant flushing in San Francisco Bay Reduce pollutant flushing in San Francisco Bay Aral Sea Aral Sea Sea’s salinity 3x normal Sea’s salinity 3x normal Shrinking Shrinking Sea’s 2 rivers reduced Sea’s 2 rivers reduced Extinction of fish species Extinction of fish species

24. E. Groundwater Problems These include pollution, salt, and draining too much. These include pollution, salt, and draining too much.

25. F. Ogallala Aquifer This is the world’s largest known aquifer, and fuels agricultural regions in the U.S. It extends from South Dakota to Texas. It’s essentially a non-renewable aquifer from the last ice age with an extremely slow recharge rate. In some cases, water is pumped out 8 to 10 times faster than it is renewed. Northern states will still have ample supplies, but for the south it’s getting thinner. It is estimated that ¼ of the aquifer will be depleted by 2020. This is the world’s largest known aquifer, and fuels agricultural regions in the U.S. It extends from South Dakota to Texas. It’s essentially a non-renewable aquifer from the last ice age with an extremely slow recharge rate. In some cases, water is pumped out 8 to 10 times faster than it is renewed. Northern states will still have ample supplies, but for the south it’s getting thinner. It is estimated that ¼ of the aquifer will be depleted by 2020.

26. Ogallala Aquifer Spans from South Dakota, Wyoming, Nebraska, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, New Mexico, & Texas Deepest point of saturation is in Nebraska

28. A. Stable Runoff As water runs off from rain, it’s supposed to get into rivers, and finally off to the sea. But when we dam rivers, less goes to the ocean, meaning the brackish water (where the river hits the ocean) becomes more salty. This is the breeding ground for many fish and invertebrates. This harms the ecology of the area. As water runs off from rain, it’s supposed to get into rivers, and finally off to the sea. But when we dam rivers, less goes to the ocean, meaning the brackish water (where the river hits the ocean) becomes more salty. This is the breeding ground for many fish and invertebrates. This harms the ecology of the area. VII. Global Water Problems

29. B. Coliform Bacteria The W.H.O. recommends there be zero colonies of bacteria per 100ml of drinking water and 200 colonies per 100ml of swimming water. The average human excretes 2 billion organisms per day (see how easily untreated sewage can contaminate water?). The W.H.O. recommends there be zero colonies of bacteria per 100ml of drinking water and 200 colonies per 100ml of swimming water. The average human excretes 2 billion organisms per day (see how easily untreated sewage can contaminate water?).

30. C. Oxygen Demanding Wastes These are organic wastes that can be decomposed by aerobic bacteria (causes lack of oxygen). Fish die as a result of a lack of oxygen. These are organic wastes that can be decomposed by aerobic bacteria (causes lack of oxygen). Fish die as a result of a lack of oxygen.

31. D. Water-Soluble Inorganic Chemicals These include acids, salts, mercury, and lead. They make water unfit to drink. These include acids, salts, mercury, and lead. They make water unfit to drink.

32. E. Organic Material These include oil, gas, plastics, pesticides, and detergents. These include oil, gas, plastics, pesticides, and detergents.