1. Talk Title Here Subtitle Author and/or date etc Human Impacts on the Condamine River Indigenous Knowledge of Plants and Animals Prepared by Desmond Crump, Dhinawun Consultancy

2. Talk Title Here Subtitle Author and/or date etc This PowerPoint provides an introduction to the traditional knowledge and land use of the Githabul of the Killarney region Introduction

3. Talk Title Here Subtitle Author and/or date etc Aboriginal Australia

4. Talk Title Here Subtitle Author and/or date etc Condamine Aboriginal Groups

5. Talk Title Here Subtitle Author and/or date etc Land management (‘looking after country’) vs farming Hunting and gathering of food – Seasonal movement – food/resources as well as celebrations, e.g. Bunya Festival Indigenous knowledge – Aboriginal people knew when/where plants/animals were in season Aboriginal Land Use

6. Talk Title Here Subtitle Author and/or date etc Any animals that could be caught and eaten: – Kangaroos, Wallabies, Pademelons, Bandicoots – Possums, Echidnas – Goannas, Snakes – Flying Foxes – Birds: scrub hens/brush turkeys, pigeons, ducks Hunting

7. Talk Title Here Subtitle Author and/or date etc Fish Eels Crayfish Freshwater mussels Turtles Fishing

8. Talk Title Here Subtitle Author and/or date etc Most plants had multiple uses/purposes: – Food – Medicine – Weapons/tools – Crafts – Shelter Gathering – Aboriginal Plant Use

9. Talk Title Here Subtitle Author and/or date etc Plants – either eaten raw or prepared/cooked: – Berries Native raspberry, Riberry, Lily Pilly, Native Plums, Quangdongs – Nuts Bunya Nuts – Seeds Wattles, Nardoo – Gum Wattle – Honey Native bees (Sugarbag) – Nectar Banksia, Grevillia – Tubers, roots Yams, Water Lilies, Ferns Food

10. Talk Title Here Subtitle Author and/or date etc Eaten, applied or extracted: Ointments – Tea Tree, Melaleuca, Eucalyptus, Mint Poultice – Tea Tree, Eucalyptus Washes – Melaluca Soothing drinks – Banksia Inhalants – Sandalwood, Eucalyptus Medicine/Healing

11. Talk Title Here Subtitle Author and/or date etc Branches, bark, fibres Wattles/Acacias, Eucalypts – Spears, woomeras, hunting clubs, coolamons, bowls, digging sticks Canes, vines – Used for nets, snares and traps Weapons/Tools

12. Talk Title Here Subtitle Author and/or date etc The outside bark of some Eucalypts and Acacias were used for canoes Canoes

13. Talk Title Here Subtitle Author and/or date etc Wood, fibres, leaves, resins: Canes, vines, grasses, reeds – Baskets, weaving, matting Seed pods, bamboo, hardwoods – Used for musical instruments Inner bark – Stripped and used for weaving Crafts/Artefacts

14. Talk Title Here Subtitle Author and/or date etc Branches, bark, leaves Branches – And/or lawyer vine and small saplings were used for frames Barked, leaves – Used as covering for walls, roofs Shelter – huts, gunyahs

15. Talk Title Here Subtitle Author and/or date etc This plant species had many uses with most parts used by Aboriginal people. The base of its leaves is sweet and nutty, while the stem was also eaten/chewed The seeds were used to make a type of flour and the nectar was also collected from the flowers Other uses include spears from the tall stalks and fire sticks from the softer wood – leaves/dried flowers were also used in fire making as well as a source of bedding Resin from the grass tree was also used as an adhesive in tool and weapon construction Xanthorrhoea (Grass Tree)

16. Talk Title Here Subtitle Author and/or date etc Use of fire as a land management tool – Cleans up vegetation – Promotes re-growth – Attracts animals Survival of fire resisstant species such as grass trees, eucalypts and acacias Usually happens after ‘wet season’ – ‘burn off’ season Fire-stick Farming

17. Talk Title Here Subtitle Author and/or date etc Fish Traps & Nets

18. Talk Title Here Subtitle Author and/or date etc Fish Traps & nets

19. Talk Title Here Subtitle Author and/or date etc Another method of catching fish was the use of certain plants to poison or stun fish The Gidhabel people used a plant known as Pink Knotweed (Polugonum hydropiper) Fish Poisoning

20. Talk Title Here Subtitle Author and/or date etc Fish Traps – Many sites across Australia, especially coastal areas – Several large inland river sites, e.g. Brewarrina Fish Traps Eel Farm – Recorded in NSW/Victoria – Illawarra Region – Series of dams/traps used to harvest eels for the Dhawaral people Fish Farming

21. Talk Title Here Subtitle Author and/or date etc Series of 20-30 walled ponds/dams to catch fish over a kilometer of the Barwon River Several large-scale fish traps along the Darling River system Fish Trap – Brewarrina

22. Talk Title Here Subtitle Author and/or date etc Gunditjmara people of Western Victoria used a series of eel traps and holding dams Archaeological remains (8,000 years ago) – huts, 75kms of dams, channels, smoking trees Eels used for export/trade Eel Farm – Lake Condah

23. Talk Title Here Subtitle Author and/or date etc References Barlow, A, (1994) Aboriginal Technology: Boomerangs and Throwing Sticks. McMillan: Melbourne. Cherikoff, V. (1989) The Bushfood Handbook. Ti-Tree Press: Balmain, NSW. Condamine-Balonne WAMP Indigenous Working Party (1999) Condamine-Balonne Indigenous Report. Feehely, D. (1997) The fire people 1830s-1930s: a history of the Burra, the Aboriginal people of the Eastern Darling Downs. D Feehely: Toowoomba. Geytenbeek, B. and H. (1971) Gidabal Grammar and Dictionary. Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies: Canberra. Australian Aboriginal Studies No. 43. Holmer, N. (1983) Linguistic Survey of South-Eastern Queensland. Australian National University: Canberra. Isaacs, J. (1992) Bush Food, Aboriginal Food and Herbal Medicine. Ure Smith Press: Sydney. Lawrence, R. (1969) Aboriginal Habitat and Economy. ANU: Canberra. Occasional Paper No. 6. Mathew, J. (1926) “Vocabulary of the Kitapul, spoken about Allora, Killarney and generally the source of the Condamine and the Logan Rivers”, in Australian and New Zealand Association for the Advancement of Science - Report, Vol. 18, (1926), p551-552. Parsons, D. (2003) Waringh Waringh: a history of Aboriginal People in the Warwick Area and their Land. David Parsons: Maryvale. Potter, C. (2002) Conversations on the Condamine: an oral history from the Queensland Murray-Darling Basin. Envirobook: Annandale. Riethmuller, N. (2006) The Darling Downs Aborigines 1787-2004: genocide and survival. Neil Riethmuller: Toowoomba. Sharpe, M. (1995) 2nd edn Dictionary of Western Bundjalung, including Gidhabal and Tabulam Bundjalung. University of New England: Armidale. Steele, J. (1984) Aboriginal Pathways in South East Queensland and the Richmond River. University of Queensland Press: St. Lucia.