1. DNA Technology and its Applications

2. Objective  AKS 9. Analyze how biological traits are passed on to successive generations  9g. Examine the use of DNA technology in forensics, medicine and agriculture

3. We are going to study the following DNA technologies and their real-world applications:  DNA extraction  Recombinant DNA  Gel Electrophoresis  Polymerase Chain Reaction  Gene Sequence Analysis  Cloning  Gene Therapy

4. DNA EXTRACTION

5. How is DNA extracted from living things?  In class, we extracted DNA from a banana. Scientists and researchers use more elaborate techniques when extracting DNA  Click on the following link to extract DNA from a human  http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/units/biotech/ext raction/ http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/units/biotech/ext raction/ http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/units/biotech/ext raction/

6. Recombinant DNA & Transgenic Organisms

7. What is recombinant DNA?  Click on the following link to learn about recombinant DNA:  http://www.bioteach.ubc.ca/TeachingReso urces/Applications/GMOpkgJKloseGLamp ard2.swf http://www.bioteach.ubc.ca/TeachingReso urces/Applications/GMOpkgJKloseGLamp ard2.swf http://www.bioteach.ubc.ca/TeachingReso urces/Applications/GMOpkgJKloseGLamp ard2.swf

8. Practical applications of recombinant DNA…  Recombinant Vaccines (ie. Hepatitis B)  Prevention and cure of sickle cell anemia  Prevention and cure of cystic fibrosis  Production of clotting factors  Production of insulin  Production of recombinant pharmaceuticals  Germ line and somatic gene therapy

9. Another Major Application of Recombinant DNA Using the technology of recombinant DNA, we are able to introduce specific genes from one organism into another. A transgenic organism is an organism that has been genetically engineered to contain 1 or more genes

10. Applications of Transgenic Organisms  Transgenic Livestock  Farm animals that are genetically altered to synthesize marketable proteins.  Mice that urinate human growth hormone (HGH)  Goats that produce the malaria antigen for use in vaccines  Cows that produce a human protein in their milk  Pigs that are genetically altered so their organs can be transplanted into a human without rejection

11. Applications of Transgenic Organisms  Transgenic Plants  Plants that produce their own insecticides  Crops that have increased drought and heat resistance

12. Genetic Engineering & GMO

13. Genetic Engineering is…  The technique of removing, modifying, or adding genes to a DNA molecule in order to change the information it contains. By changing this information, genetic engineering changes the type or amount of proteins an organism is capable of producing, thus enabling it to make new substances or perform new functions.

14. Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO)  Often, the label GMO and the term "transgenic" are used to refer to organisms that have acquired novel genes from other organisms by laboratory "gene transfer" methods.

15. News Worthy  http://www.science.org.au/nova/009/009print.ht m http://www.science.org.au/nova/009/009print.ht m http://www.science.org.au/nova/009/009print.ht m  http://www.science.org.au/policy/gene-tech.htm http://www.science.org.au/policy/gene-tech.htm  http://www.aaemonline.org/gmopost.html http://www.aaemonline.org/gmopost.html  http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_ Genome/elsi/gmfood.shtml http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_ Genome/elsi/gmfood.shtml http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_ Genome/elsi/gmfood.shtml

16. Gel Electrophoresis

17. What is Gel Electrophoresis?  Click on the following link: DNA Interactive to answer questions about gel electrophoresis. DNA InteractiveDNA Interactive

18. What are the practical applications of gel electrophoresis?  DNA fragments produced by the gel electrophoresis can be used in other technologies like PCR, cloning and DNA sequencing  Or, the DNA fragments can be used by forensic scientists, conservation biologists, taxonomists, evolutionary biologists, etc.

19. How is gel electrophoresis used by scientists?  Human DNA can be analyzed to  Provide evidence in criminal cases  Diagnose genetic diseases  Solve paternity cases  Samples of DNA can be obtained from tissue and body fluid  Cheek cells  Skin  Hair  Blood  Semen

20. What are the practical applications of gel electrophoresis?  Conservation biologists use DNA to determine genetic similarity among populations and individuals  Taxonomists use DNA to help distinguish species  Evolutionary biologists use DNA profiles to compare similarities and differences to construct family trees

21. PCR

22. What is PCR?  Click on the following link to learn about Polymerase Chain Reactions, make sure you scroll down to see the information…  www.dnalc.org/ddnalc/resources/pcr.html www.dnalc.org/ddnalc/resources/pcr.html

23. What are the practical applications of PCR?  PCR creates high amounts of pure DNA, enabling analysis of DNA samples even from very small amounts of starting material to be used in other DNA technologies.

24. DNA/Gene Sequencing

25. What is Gene Sequence Analysis?  Click on the following link to learn about gene sequencing: http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Geno me/faq/seqfacts.shtml

26. Applications of DNA Sequencing  Click on the following article review:  http://www.brighthub.com/health/technology/a rticles/7413.aspx http://www.brighthub.com/health/technology/a rticles/7413.aspx http://www.brighthub.com/health/technology/a rticles/7413.aspx  DNA Fingerprinting  http://protist.biology.washington.edu/fingerprin t/dnaintro.html http://protist.biology.washington.edu/fingerprin t/dnaintro.html http://protist.biology.washington.edu/fingerprin t/dnaintro.html  If you have time, solve a crime:  http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/sheppard/anal yze.html http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/sheppard/anal yze.html http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/sheppard/anal yze.html

27. Cloning

28. What is cloning?  Click on the following link to learn about cloning:  www.learn.genetics.com www.learn.genetics.com

29. What are the practical applications of cloning?  Click on the following link to look at the practical applications of cloning: http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/units/cloning/whyclone/

30. Gene Therapy

31. What is Gene Therapy?  Click on the following link to learn about gene therapy  http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Hum an_Genome/medicine/genetherapy.shtml http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Hum an_Genome/medicine/genetherapy.shtml http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Hum an_Genome/medicine/genetherapy.shtml

32. What are the practical applications of gene therapy?  potential to eliminate and prevent hereditary diseases such as  Cystic fibrosis  hemophilia  heart disease,  AIDS  cancer **There's a fair amount of risk involved in trials of this kind of therapy, and to date, only children who are seriously ill or have illnesses incurable by conventional means have been involved in clinical trials using gene therapy.

33. Current Events: Connecting DNA Technology to the Real World  Back to our original objective… “How is DNA technology used in forensics, medicine and agriculture?” You need to find a current event/article that relates to at least one aspect of this question. Use the directions on the next slide to help you find an article. You need to find a current event/article that relates to at least one aspect of this question. Use the directions on the next slide to help you find an article.

34. Finding an article…  Open up the internet explorer  Click on Media Resources  Click on Research Databases  Click on Science (on the left side)  Click on Consumer Health Complete  Use the advanced search to look for current event articles related to DNA technologies