1. Review of Clauses

2. What Exactly is a Clause?  Hallmarks for Clauses – Has a verb and its subject

3. How can clauses be used?  Independent Clause – expresses a complete thought; can stand alone as a sentence  Subordinate/Dependent Clause – does NOT express a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.

4. Uses for Subordinate Clauses  As Adjectives: describes a noun or pronoun Answers the question What? Example: I am reading this book, which is a novel about MMA fighting.  Adverbs : describes a verb, adjective, or adverb Answers the question How? Example: Before we left, we fed the dog.

5. Uses for Subordinate Clauses  As Nouns in a sentence: acts like a Subj, Pred. Nominative, DO, IO, or Obj of Prep. Examples: What I need is my own room. The happiest time in my life was when we went to Fiji. She believes that lost time is never found again. We will give whoever wins the contest a prize. She has written an article about how she was elected to the Senate.

6. Review: Clauses  Examples: 1. The crying baby kept me up all night. 2. Crying for milk, the baby kept me up all night.

7. Functions of Clauses Adj? Adv? Or Noun?  Examples: 1. Although Americans love to travel to foreign countries, they seldom learn to speak other languages. 2. My sister, who teaches Spanish and Italian in New York, says that she had more students twenty years ago.

8.  Examples: 3. She wrote a book about what she has learned over the years. 4. What she worries about is the general decline in American language-learning skills. 5. She believes that American families used to take more pride in learning second languages. Functions of Clauses Adj? Adv? Or Noun?

9.  Examples: 6. The internet, which has become such a global phenomenon, has contributed to the predominance of English. 7. My sister's conviction is that American students could use the internet to help them learn other languages. Functions of Clauses Adj? Adv? Or Noun?

10.  Examples: 8. English is the dominant language on the internet because the American computer industry dominates the rest of the world. 9. When non-Americans get on the internet, they frequently are trying to improve their English. 10. What computers have meant to language learning has surprised just about everyone in the academic world. Functions of Clauses Adj? Adv? Or Noun?

11. Types of Sentences  Simple Sentence Subject + Verb Ex: We are in the CAHSEE Hunger Games.  Compound Sentence Sentence; Sentence OR Sentence, Sentence Ex: The Hunger Games prepares us; we will be ready for the test. Ex: The Hunger Games prepares us, so we will be ready for the test.

12. Types of Sentences  Complex Sentence Opener, Subject + Verb Subject + Verb + Subordinate Clause Ex: When school is over, some students take naps. Ex: I have not seen my grandmother since I came to Germany.  Compound Complex Sentence Opener, Subject + Verb, Subject + Verb Ex: When school is over, some students take naps; many students go to practice.

13. Types of Sentences Practice Directions: Number your notes from 1-10 You will read the next ten sentences with your partner and try and decide if they are Simple [SS], Compound [CD], Complex [CX], or Compound-Complex [CC] Just Label don’t write out the sentences.

14. Types of Sentences Practice Simple [SS], Compound [CD], Complex [CX], or Compound-Complex [CC] 1. I didn't know what time it was, so I was very late to class. 2. Although it was cold and the rain was getting heavier, we decided to go camping as planned. 3. Because she runs every day, she is very fit. 4. This is a simple sentence. 5. Do you want to go swimming tomorrow, or would you prefer to play tennis?

15. Types of Sentences Practice Simple [SS], Compound [CD], Complex [CX], or Compound-Complex [CC] 6. We were doing a mathematics test when the fire alarm rang yesterday. 7. She runs every day, so she is very fit. 8. You should start working a little harder, or you are going to fail your test. 9. She failed her driving test because she didn't look in her mirror often enough. 10. After a good night’s sleep, he got up and walked over to the window, and he jumped out.

16. Types of Sentences Practice ANSWERS 1. Compound CD 2. Complex CX 3. Complex CX 4. Simple SS 5. Compound CD 6. Complex CX 7. Compound CD 8. Compound CD 9. Complex CX 10. Compound-Complex CC