1. World War II

10. Benito Mussolini Benito Mussolini was the dictator of Italy during World War II. (b. 1883 - d. 1945)

11. Dictator a ruler with total power over a country, typically one who has gained power by force

12. Even though both Adolf Hitler (Germany) and Joseph Stalin (Soviet Union) were both dictators, they did not have the same ideas and were against one another.

16. These are the characteristics that leaders of both the Allies and Axis Powers possessed. – confident with their knowledge and know how – enthusiastic about their work – set goals or ambitious – focused on goals – organized and mannerly – stands up for what they believe is right

17. Axis Power Italy Germany Japan

18. Allies Great Britain Soviet Union United States Canada

20. Part 1 Europe

21. Nazi Germany Hitler began attracting followers when he gave speeches that attacked Jews, communists, and other groups of people. Hitler did not like that Germany was forced to sign the Treaty of Versailles, which had been imposed upon them. Germany was forced to take responsibility for the war had agreed to pay a huge fine totaling 32 billion marks. Most Germans bitterly resented these terms, including Hitler.

22. Nazi Germany The Nazi’s learned how to subtly blame Germany’s humiliation on the Jews. Adolf Hitler became the dictator of Germany in 1933 as a member of the Nazi party.

23. Leaders in Europe tried to avoid war by giving in to Hitler’s demands. However, Britain and France told Hitler not to invade Poland. – Hitler did anyway. – Britain and France declared war on Germany. Germany defeated France and continued to try and “break” Great Britain by constantly bombing them.

24. Battle of Britain – continuous air raids, or attacks. Germany invaded the USSR (Soviet Union) With all of this, the United States Congress passed laws requiring President Roosevelt to stay neutral, or not to take sides. Roosevelt still tried to help Churchill, and Stalin with supplies.

25. Hitler’s Goal To take over the rest of Europe, if not the world.

35. World War II Begins 1.There is a rise of dictators in Europe and Asia. Dictators Hitler and Mussolini sign a treaty agreeing to support each other. 2.Germany, Italy, and Japan become known as the Axis Powers and begin invading countries throughout the world. 3.Britain and France, know as the Allies, warn Hitler not to invade Poland. Hitler ignores this treaty. 4.Britain and France declare war on Germany.

37. Goal of the Allies Stop Axis Powers and defeat them so they could not invade other countries again. Allies landed in North Africa to free the Mediterranean Sea from German control (Operation Torch) – Allies wanted to protect oil fields in Middle East Help Soviet Union who was being invaded by Germany (USSR was able to hold off Germany and began defeating them on the east.)

38. Strategies of Allies (Europe) heavy bombing raids on Germany ground troops on the boundaries of German occupied lands surprise attacks

39. Steps leading up to Germany’s Surrender Italy surrendered when Allies landed, but the Germans still kept fighting Allies invaded Normandy on D-Day to help relieve Russian troops – This led to surrender of Axis Powers in Europe. Fought against Germans on the west (sneak attack)

40. D-Day Operation Overlord- code name for the invasion of Europe by Allied forces. Nearly 160,000 troops crossed the English Channel on June 6, 1944 and more than 3 million troops landed by the end of August.

41. D-Day The invasion of Normandy on D-Day provided a second front against the Germans in the west and provided some relief for the Russian troops. The invasion of Normandy led to the eventual surrender of the Axis Powers in Europe, but Allies continued to struggle against Japanese army.

45. Part 2 Pacific

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48. Goal of the Japanese Establish control of the Far East (Asia) in order to ensure economic prosperity (wealth) of the Japanese people.

58. Response to Pearl Harbor President Roosevelt asked the U.S. Congress to declare war on Japan. Germany and Italy then declared war on the United States to support their ally, Japan. (Axis Powers)

59. Strategies of the Allies Island Hopping- strategy used by the Allies in the fight against Japan in which they bypassed heavily armed islands and instead attacked islands that were not well defended but were strategically important in their movement towards the main Japanese islands.

60. Battle of Iwo Jima Japanese island that was the site of some of the fiercest fighting during World War II. The battle began on February 19, 1945 and continued until March 26, 1945.

65. Japan was unwilling to accept defeat, so there were several American casualties (deaths). During this time, Roosevelt died and Harry Truman became President. Scientists tested the atomic bomb. – President Truman decided to use the atomic bomb on Japan, rather than invading Japan and risking more American lives.

68. Atomic Bombs The United States dropped two bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, which led to the surrender of the Japanese and brought about the end of World War II.

71. 3. Home Front

72. The Home Front Individuals, especially school age children, helped the war effort by collecting materials that could be used by the military including scarp metal and old rubber.

75. “Do Your Part” The nation came together as each American was encouraged to “Do Your Part” in the war effort. Each and every American was called upon to conserve scarce materials by contributing to scrap metal drives and planting “Victory Gardens.” Victory gardens- gardens planted by citizens allowing more of the food supply to be used by those in the military. Americans were required to use rationing books. The economy was finally pulled out of the Depression by the war efforts. Everyone went to work to help win the war.

76. Victory Gardens Gardens planted by citizens enabling more of the food supply to be used by those in the military.

78. Rationing Occurred when the government limited the amount of food each person in the United States could buy during World War II.

85. Propaganda Systematic effort to spread opinions and beliefs

89. Women Women, as homemakers, were responsible for rationing and victory gardens. During this time, more women began to work outside the home. They took the place of husbands, sons, and brothers in factories and built airplanes, trucks, and ships. ‘Rosie the Riveter’ became an icon of the period. Women were expected to return home when the war ended and the soldiers returned to their jobs. Despite hardships, such as discrimination and lack of child care, many women missed the workplace. This wartime experience helped lay the foundation for the women’s movement of the 1960s.

90. Rosie the Riveter Fictional character used in propaganda during World War II Encouraged women to work in manufacturing plants doing the work previously done by male workers

93. African Americans African Americans demanded the right to wartime jobs and President Roosevelt ordered that they be given opportunity. Many more African Americans moved to cities in the north and on the Pacific coast to work in wartime industries. African Americans made some advances in the military during the war, such as the Tuskegee Airmen; however, they still served in segregated (separated) units, just like in previous wars, and were assigned duties of lesser importance because of racial discrimination.

94. African Americans (cont.) The role played by African American soldiers in the war and the treatment by whites on the home front during and after the war ended, prompted President Truman to order that the army be desegregated (not kept separated) after World War II. The experiences of African Americans proving themselves by serving their country at home (called the double victory campaign), helped lay the foundation for the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s.

95. Japanese Americans Japanese Americans faced the most discrimination. Following the bombing of Pearl Harbor, 110,000 Japanese Americans were moved to internment camps in the western deserts of the United States. They were made to leave their homes and businesses with little warning or money for the loss of their things and everyday life. They were imprisoned behind barbed wire fences without the right to a trial and without proof that they were not loyal to the United States. Despite the discrimination, Japanese Americans continued to be loyal to the United States.

96. Relocation Camps Internment camps Places where Japanese Americans were sent during World War II

99. Summarize what life was like for one of the groups of people during World War II.

100. Weapons

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102. Introduction Technology, aviation, weaponry, and communication had a very big impact on the war. Producing materials for the war boosted the economy and lifted the nation out of the Great Depression. There were many medicines created during this time, such as penicillin to help not only soldiers, but many people during this time.

103. Aviation (Planes) Aviation improved because the Allies were able to train bombers to fly farther and use radar to track these planes and to spot enemy planes. By the end of the war, jets were being developed. After the war, personal and business air travel and the transportation of goods around the world grew because of the more advanced plane technology.

104. Communication Secret communications codes developed during the war contributed to the development of computer systems designed to break those codes. The first computers were room-sized machines. The computer industry has grown so much in the last sixty years. Americans are now able to enjoy instant access to information through computers, lap tops, smart phones, tablets and other hand-held devices.

107. Weapons The two atom bombs dropped on Japan were developed by a team of scientists in the United States who were trying to beat the Germans to the technology. Albert Einstein encouraged President Franklin D. Roosevelt to establish the Manhattan Project that developed the bomb. Albert Einstein was not involved in the process. The arms race, is a competition between two or more parties to have the best armed forces, started as a result of America’s exclusive control of the atom bomb. This race to develop new and better bombs has resulted in the government spending a lot of its money on the military.

108. Manhattan Project The Manhattan Project was the code name given to the effort to build an atomic bomb in the United States. Robert Oppenheimer was chosen to oversee the project. An atomic bomb is a bomb that create a massive explosion.

109. Manhattan Project Little Boy was the name given to the bomb that was dropped on the Japanese city of Hiroshima on August 6, 1945. It was the first atomic bomb ever used in war. It was delivered by the B-29 Superfortress the Enola Gay. It is estimated that 90,000 people were killed by this bomb. Three days later another atomic bomb named Fat Man was dropped on the city of Nagasaki. It is estimated that 60,000 people died from this bomb. On August 14, 1945, Japan surrendered and the war came to an end.

115. Post World War II The United States established a democracy in Japan. Germany was divided into 4 zones and occupied by the four Allied powers. Soon the United States, Great Britain, and France united their zones and helped to create a democratic government in what later became known as West Germany. The Soviet Union established a communist government in East Germany. Berlin, the former capital of Germany, was similarly divided although it was located entirely within the Soviet zone. Although the United States emerged from the war as a dominant world power, it would soon find itself in confrontation with its World War II ally, the Soviet Union.