2. The United States in World War II Chapter 25

3. Objective  To understand the military campaigns, political decisions, and efforts on the home front that won World War II.

4. Mobilizing for Defense Chapter 25.1

5. Women on the Move 1.Women began taking on traditional male roles like police officers, fire fighters, and factory workers. 2.This move continued after the war causing friction between men and women. 3. The first women became army air force pilots known as the Women’s Auxiliary Air Corps (WAACs) http://www.history.com/topics/us-home-front-during- world-war-ii/videos#womens-army-auxiliary-corps

6. Manhattan Project 1.On July 15, 1945, the first atomic bomb exploded in Alamogordo, New Mexico. This bomb had been developed under a secret plan known as the Manhattan Project. 2.President Harry Truman made the decision to drop the bomb on Japan based on three principles. a. It would save American and Japanese lives in the long run. A land invasion of Japan would result in millions of deaths. b. It would dramatically bring the war to an end. c. It would scare the heck out of the U.S.S.R. 3. After warning the Japanese several times, the first bomb was dropped on Hiroshima on August 6, 1945. Dropped from the plane Enola Gay, (Little Boy) the bomb killed between 80,000 – 200,000. 4. Three days later, after warning the Japanese again, a second bomb (Fat Man) was dropped on Nagasaki killing 120,000. 5. V-J Day - On September 2, 1945, Japan unconditionally surrendered.

7. Preparing for War 1. Congress passed the Selective Service and Training Act in 1940. This act required all eligible men between the ages of 21-35 to register for the draft. 2. A War Productions Board was also created to regulate all production of War materials. 3. An Office of Price Administration was created to regulate the price of goods and the amount that could be purchased by each individual.

8. Sacrificing for the War 1. Rationing became the order of the day. Booklets of stamps were given out to ensure the supply of badly needed items. Rationing was used in every industry. 2. American’s were asked to collect old scrap metal, rubber, lumber, and other materials to help in the war effort.

9. 3. People planted victory gardens to show their support for the war and to conserve on food that could be used for the troops. “V” for Victory. Sacrificing for the War

10.  Army Chief of Staff General George Marshall pushed to form the WAAC.  Women’s Auxiliary Army Corp (WAAC) allowed women volunteers to serve in noncombat positions.  A. Phillip Randolph was a respected African-American labor leader who organized a march on Washington to protest the discrimination of African Americans in the military and workforce.  The Manhattan Project became the code name for research work done to build the atomic bomb. Key Terms

11.  Office of Price Administration (OPA) was formed by FDR to fight inflation by freezing prices and extending income taxes.  The War Production Board (WPB) decided which companies would convert from peacetime to wartime production and allocated raw materials to key industries.  The OPA also set up a system for rationing to conserve raw materials for military essentials.  Households received coupon books to buy meat, shoes, sugar, coffee, and gas. Key Terms

12. History Through Film  People tired of political propaganda in films put out by a patriotic Hollywood.  Though it wasn’t a smash hit in its day, comedian Charlie Chaplin’s 1940 film “The Great Dictator,” a spoof of Hitler’s dreams of world conquest, was prophetic and a true work of art. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mkCx3xQ6XKQ

13. The War For Europe And North Africa Chapter 25.2

14. 1 2 G.B. U.S. * * * Gen. MontgomeryGen. EisenhowerErwin Rommel “Desert Fox” 3 Mussolini Hanged 1943

15. England France

16. Casualty Rates on Omaha beach reached 75%. Known as Operation Overlord, the attack on Normandy Beach gave the Allies a foothold in France. http://www.history.com/topics/d- day/videos#d-day-invasion-of- normandy http://www.history.com/topics/d- day/videos#d-day-deception

17. 4 Battle of the Bulge April 30, 1945, Adolf Hitler commits suicide in his bunker. V-E Day

18.  Dwight D. Eisenhower was the American general who led “Operation Torch,” the invasion of Axis-controlled North Africa.  D-Day, code named “Operation Overlord” was an Allied attack, led by Eisenhower, on Normandy in northern France.  General Omar Bradley led the air and land raid in France opening the path for the army led by Patton.  General George Patton led the Third Army to free Paris from 4 years of German occupation. Key Terms

19.  Battle of the Bulge was a last ditch German offensive aimed at breaking up Allied supply lines.  On May 8, 1945, the Allies celebrated V-E Day —Victory in Europe Day—The war in Europe was finally over.  Harry S. Truman was Vice President at the time of Roosevelt’s death from a stroke. He became our 33 rd president on that night, April 12, 1945. Key Terms http://www.history.com/videos/inaugural-address-harry- truman#inaugural-address-harry-truman

20. War in the Pacific Chapter 25.3

21. War in the Pacific

22. Japan Continues to Move 1.Immediately after attacking Pearl Harbor, Japan set its sights on the Philippines. Japanese troops overran U.S. and Filipino troops at Bataan. General MacArthur left stating “I Shall Return.” Battle of Bataan January 1942 2.77,000 Allied solders were captured and forced to march sixty-five (65) miles to a prisoner of war camp. 3. 10,000 were clubbed, shot, or starved to death on the trip.

24. Japanese Aggression is Halted 1.The Japanese were stopped from reaching Australia in a fierce five day air battle. Battle of Coral Sea May 1942

25. Island Hopping 1.After breaking the Japanese communication codes, U.S. forces intercepted and defeated the Japanese navy to gain control of this strategic island. Battle of Midway May 1942 2.Midway is the turning point in the battle of the Pacific. From this point on, the Japanese have to retreat under the U.S. strategy of Island Hopping.

26. 1.After landing 19,000 American Marines, all U.S. naval ships were destroyed, leaving the Marines to fend for themselves. Battle of Guadalcanal August 1942 2.After six months of fierce fighting, being outnumbered 2-to-1, the Marines controlled the “Island of Death.” Island Hopping

27. 1.General Douglas MacArthur made good on his promise to return to the Philippines. Stating “I Have Returned,” MacArthur led the battle that totally wiped out the Japanese navy. Battle of Leyte Gulf October 1944 2.This battle marked the first time that the Japanese used suicide bombers known as “kamikazes.” The world “kamikaze” is Japanese for “Divine Wind.” Island Hopping

28. 1.In some places in the battle, casualty rates rivaled Omaha beach at 75%. Battle of Iwo Jima February 1945 2.After the defeat of the Japanese on this island, American soldiers raised a flag on Mt. Suribachi. This flag raising symbolized Americas road to victory. Island Hopping

29. 1.Known as the bloodiest fight in the Pacific, over 110,000 Japanese and 12,000 Allied soldiers and sailors died. In a foreshadowing of what might be to come, two Japanese generals committed ritual suicide rather than surrender. Battle of Okinawa April 1945 2.By defeating the Japanese on this island, the Allies could now systematically bomb Japan without the use of Aircraft Carriers. Island Hopping

30.  General Douglas MacArthur: in command of Allied forces on the islands.  Admiral Chester Nimitz: commander of American naval forces in the Pacific.  Battle of Midway: Turning point of the Pacific War.  Kamikaze: Japanese suicide bombers  J. Robert Oppenheimer: American scientist who directed the development of the atomic bomb. Key Terms

31.  Hiroshima: Important Japanese military center where the U.S. dropped the atomic bomb. (Little Boy)  Nagasaki: Japanese city where the U.S. dropped a 2 nd bomb. (Fat Man)  Nuremberg trials: trial held for 24 surviving Nazi leaders charged with crimes against humanity, against peace, and war crimes. Key Terms

32. War on the Home Front Chapter 25.4

33. 1.In February 1942, President Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066. This order required all people of Japanese descent to be relocated to “internment” camps. 2. During the years of the war (1941-1945), 110,000 Japanese Americans were relocated to these camps. 3. Why Japanese Americans? a. Espionageb. Racism

34.  GI Bill of Rights: provided education and training to veterans to help them transit back to civilian life.  James Farmer: civil rights leader an interracial organization called the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) to confront urban segregation in the North.  Internment: detention  Japanese American Citizens League (JACL): pushed the government to compensate those sent to camps for their lost property. Key Terms