1. JOINTS Allie Moyer & Kayla Jones

2. WHAT ARE THEY? o Joints are where two or more bones meet and are made up of a number of different parts that all work together so that we can bend, stretch, twist and turn easily o Most of our joints are designed to allow bones to move only in certain directions

3. TYPES OF JOINTS Fibrous Cartilaginous Synovial

4. FIBROUS o Immovable or fixed joints These joints are held together by tough tissue Examples: Cranium, pelvis and vertebrae

5. CARTILAGINOUS o Slightly moveable joint Movement is needed but only to a certain point Example: the vertebral column Individual vertebrae are separated by cartilage

6. SYNOVIAL o Freely moveable joints o There are 6 types of synovial joints: Ball and Socket Joint Hinge Joint Pivot Joint Gliding Saddle Condyloid

7. BALL & SOCKET o Allows the greatest range of movement o Held together by ligaments and tendons o Examples: Shoulders and hips

8. HINGE o Allows bending, straightening and a small amount of rotation o Made by the joining of two bone ends which have smooth surfaces o Examples: Elbow and knee

9. PIVOT o Only allows rotation o Examples: top of the spinal column, between the axis and atlas bones of the neck. o This allows us to turn, raise and lower our head

10. DISORDERS Arthritis The inflammation of a joint Causes pain stiffness and swelling Bursitis Inflammation of a fluid filled sac (Bursa) used to cushion joints Dislocation Injury that causes the end of the bone out of place

11. MOVEMENTS o Flexion o Extension o Abduction o Adduction o Dorsiflexion o Plantar Flexion

12. FLEXION EXTENSION A movement which decreases the inner angle between bones Ball and Socket Condyloid Hinge Pivot Saddle A movement which increases the inner angle between bones Ball and socket Condyloid Hinge Pivot Saddle

13. ABDUCTION ADDUCTION Movement of a part of the body away from the midline Ball and socket Condyloid Saddle Movement of a part of the body towards the midline Ball and socket Condyloid Saddle

14. DORSIFLEXION PLANTAR FLEXION Backwards flexion; moving the top of the foot towards the shin or raising the toes Hands and feet Forwards flexion; moving the top of the foot away from the shins or pointing the toes Hands and feet

15. PARTS OF A JOINT o Bursa o Synovial Fluid o Hyaline Cartilage o Joint Capsule

16. BURSA o There are 4 different types Adventitious Subcutaneous Synovial Sub-muscular o A fluid filled sac that cushions the areas in between bones, ligaments, and other places where joints are found

17. SYNOVIAL FLUID o A clear, and sticky fluid that is secreted by the synovial membrane o Helps to reduce friction between the articular cartilage of synovial joints o The fluid also has the consistency of egg whites

18. HYALINE CARTILAGE o A type of tissue that covers the end of bones at a joint o It is a pearly blue color and has a firm consistency o It exists on the ventral ends of ribs, in the larynx, trachea, and bronchi, and on the articular surface of bones o The cartilage contains no nerves or blood vessels

19. JOINT CAPSULE o It’s a two part envelope that surrounds the synovial joint An outer fibrous layer, and an inner synovial layer o The fibrous membrane of the joint capsule is attached to the whole circumference of the articular end of each bone

20. REVIEW Can you figure out which joints are used in these popular dances?  Whip  Milly Rock  Hit the Quan  Drop  Hit the Folks