1. Classifying Organisms Biology 8(B)

2. Levels of Taxonomy Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

3. Levels of Classification Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Taxonomy Levels of Classification Kings Play Chess On Fancy Glass Squares

4. Levels of Classification Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Taxonomy Classification of Humans: Animalia Chordata Mammalia Primates Hominidae Homo Homo Sapiens

5. Taxonomy Importance of a standardized taxonomic system Needed to orderly classify vast diversity of organisms Allows for universal understanding Ability for similarities to be compared Show common ancestry

6. Taxonomy – the science of classifying organisms Taxonomists use a seven level classification system Kingdom (largest and most inclusive group) Phylum Class Order Family Genus (first part of scientific name) Species (smallest and most specific grouping) Classifying Organisms

7. Comparing the classification of a domestic housecat and a mountain lion: Classifying Organisms Mountain LionDomestic Cat KingdomAnimalia PhylumChordata ClassMammalia OrderCarnivora FamilyFelidae GenusFelis Specific nameconcolordomesticus

8. Comparing the classification of the wolf and a polar bear: Classifying Organisms WolfPolar Bear KingdomAnimalia PhylumChordata ClassMammalia OrderCarnivora FamilyCanidaeUrisdae GenusCanisUrsus Specific namelupismaritimus

9. All living organisms are grouped into one of a few major categories. Most widely accepted classification system used by taxonomists groups organisms into six major groups or kingdoms – Archaea – Bacteria – Protista – Fungi – Plantae – Animalia Taxonomic Groups

10. Archaea – single-celled microorganisms Examples: – Methane-producing archaea – Sulfur-producing archaea – Thermophiles Characteristics Microscopic Many live in extreme environments Unicellular prokaryotes Unique cell wall Autotrophs or heterotrophs Kingdom Archaea Image by Wing-Chi Poon [CC-BY-1.0]

11. Bacteria – single-celled microorganisms Examples: – E. coli – Salmonella – Streptococcus – Staphylococcus Characteristics Microscopic Unicellular prokaryotes Cell wall made of peptidoglycan Autotrophs or heterotrophs Kingdom Bacteria

12. Protista – most diverse kingdom Examples: – Algae – Paramecia – Amoeba – Diatoms Characteristics Unicellular or multicellular Eukaryotes Autotrophic or heterotrophic Some have cell walls Many are microscopic Many are aquatic Some are motile Kingdom Protista

13. Fungi – similar to plants but not photosynthetic Examples: – Mushrooms – Yeasts – Molds Characteristics All eukaryotes – Some unicellular – Most multicellular Cell wall made of chitin Absorb nutrients Many are saprobes All sessile Kingdom Fungi Image by Maciej Lewandowski [CC-BY-1.0]

14. Plantae – both vascular and nonvascular plants Examples: – Mosses – Ferns – Conifers – Flowering plants Characteristics All eukaryotes – Most multicellular – Some unicellular Cell wall made of cellulose Photosynthetic autotrophs Contain chloroplasts Sessile Kingdom Plantae Image by Eric Guinther [CC-BY-1.0]

15. Animalia – most complex kingdom Vertebrates Invertebrates Examples: – Mammals – Birds – Insects – Worms Characteristics Multicellular (eukaryotes) No cell walls Heterotrophic Most are motile Kingdom Animalia Image by Eric Guinther [CC-BY-1.0]

16. Taxonomic Groups Group (Kingdom) Major CharacteristicsExamples Archaea Prokaryotes, cell wall, may live in extreme environments, unicellular, autotrophs or heterotrophs Methane-producing archaea, thermophiles Bacteria Prokaryotes, cell wall made of peptidoglycan, unicellular, autotrophs or heterotrophs E. coli, salmonella Protista Eukaryotes, unicellular or multicellular, autotrophs or heterotrophs, some have cell wall, many are microscopic Algae, paramecia, euglena, diatoms Fungi Eukaryotes, most are multicellular, cell walls, absorbs nutrients through cell wall, sessile Mushrooms, molds, yeasts Plantae Eukaryotes, most are multicellular, cell walls composed of cellulose, photosynthetic, autotrophs Ferns, mosses, conifers, flowering plants Animalia Eukaryotes, multicellular, heterotrophs, most are motile Mammals, birds, insects, worms, sponges

17. What kingdom does this organism belong to? Group (Kingdom) Major CharacteristicsExamples Archaea Prokaryotes, cell wall, may live in extreme environments, unicellular, autotrophs or heterotrophs Methane-producing archaea, thermophiles Bacteria Prokaryotes, cell wall made of peptidoglycan, unicellular, autotrophs or heterotrophs E. coli, salmonella Protista Eukaryotes, unicellular or multicellular, autotrophs or heterotrophs, some have cell wall, many are microscopic Algae, paramecia, euglena, diatoms Fungi Eukaryotes, most are multicellular, cell walls, absorbs nutrients through cell wall, sessile Mushrooms, molds, yeasts Plantae Eukaryotes, most are multicellular, cell walls composed of cellulose, photosynthetic, autotrophs Ferns, mosses, conifers, flowering plants Animalia Eukaryotes, multicellular, heterotrophs, most are motileMammals, birds, insects, worms, sponges A new organism is discovered by a microbiologist. The organism is unicellular, lacks chloroplasts, and has no cell wall. Into which of the six kingdoms should this organism be placed?

18. What kingdom does this organism belong to? Group (Kingdom) Major CharacteristicsExamples Archaea Prokaryotes, cell wall, may live in extreme environments, unicellular, autotrophs or heterotrophs Methane-producing archaea, thermophiles Bacteria Prokaryotes, cell wall made of peptidoglycan, unicellular, autotrophs or heterotrophs E. coli, salmonella Protista Eukaryotes, unicellular or multicellular, autotrophs or heterotrophs, some have cell wall, many are microscopic Algae, paramecia, euglena, diatoms Fungi Eukaryotes, most are multicellular, cell walls, absorbs nutrients through cell wall, sessile Mushrooms, molds, yeasts Plantae Eukaryotes, most are multicellular, cell walls composed of cellulose, photosynthetic, autotrophs Ferns, mosses, conifers, flowering plants Animalia Eukaryotes, multicellular, heterotrophs, most are motileMammals, birds, insects, worms, sponges An organism is found growing on your bathroom wall. It is multicellular, and does not appear to be moving. What kingdom do you think it belongs in?

19. What kingdom does this organism belong to? Group (Kingdom) Major CharacteristicsExamples Archaea Prokaryotes, cell wall, may live in extreme environments, unicellular, autotrophs or heterotrophs Methane-producing archaea, thermophiles Bacteria Prokaryotes, cell wall made of peptidoglycan, unicellular, autotrophs or heterotrophs E. coli, salmonella Protista Eukaryotes, unicellular or multicellular, autotrophs or heterotrophs, some have cell wall, many are microscopic Algae, paramecia, euglena, diatoms Fungi Eukaryotes, most are multicellular, cell walls, absorbs nutrients through cell wall, sessile Mushrooms, molds, yeasts Plantae Eukaryotes, most are multicellular, cell walls composed of cellulose, photosynthetic, autotrophs Ferns, mosses, conifers, flowering plants Animalia Eukaryotes, multicellular, heterotrophs, most are motileMammals, birds, insects, worms, sponges Rana pipiens is an organism about the size of your hand. Its cells are eukaryotic and it eats other members of its own kingdom. It is an excellent swimmer. What kingdom does Rana pipiens belong in?

20. Dichotomous key – tool used to identify organisms Also called classification key Helps user observe similarities and differences among organisms Each step presents a level of identification – Only one of the statements in a step can be true about a single organism Dichotomous Key

21. Seashell Dichotomous Key 1a Cone-shaped 1b Not cone-shaped 2a Outside surface smooth 2b Outside surface rigid 3a Surface solid color 3b Surface spotted 4a Surface one color 4b Surface has contrasting stripe 5a Holes along shell margin 5b No holes along shell margin 6a Purple in color 6b Not purple in color Go to 2 Go to 5 Go to 3 Go to 4 Conus californicus Conus spurius Calliostoma supragranulosa Calliostoma annulatum Haliotis refuscens Go to 6 Janthina janthina Littorina obtusata What is the scientific name of this seashell? Image by Shellnut (Own work) [CC-BY-SA-3.0]

22. What is the scientific name of this seashell? Dichotomous Key Seashell Dichotomous Key 1a Cone-shaped 1b Not cone-shaped 2a Outside surface smooth 2b Outside surface rigid 3a Surface solid color 3b Surface spotted 4a Surface one color 4b Surface has contrasting stripe 5a Holes along shell margin 5b No holes along shell margin 6a Purple in color 6b Not purple in color Go to 2 Go to 5 Go to 3 Go to 4 Conus californicus Conus spurius Calliostoma supragranulosa Calliostoma annulatum Haliotis refuscens Go to 6 Janthina janthina Littorina obtusata Image by Hans Hillewaert (Own work) [CC-BY-SA-3.0]

23. Dichotomous Key What is the scientific name of this seashell? Seashell Dichotomous Key 1a Cone-shaped 1b Not cone-shaped 2a Outside surface smooth 2b Outside surface rigid 3a Surface solid color 3b Surface spotted 4a Surface one color 4b Surface has contrasting stripe 5a Holes along shell margin 5b No holes along shell margin 6a Purple in color 6b Not purple in color Go to 2 Go to 5 Go to 3 Go to 4 Conus californicus Conus spurius Calliostoma supragranulosa Calliostoma annulatum Haliotis refuscens Go to 6 Janthina janthina Littorina obtusata

24. Dichotomous Key Is this animal a vertebrate or invertebrate? If it is a vertebrate, what class does it belong in? Vertebrate Animal Dichotomous Key 1a Spinal column present 1b Spinal column absent 2a Fins and gills present 2b Fins and gills absent 3a Scales present 3b Scales absent 4a Feathers present 4b Feathers absent 5a Hair or fur present 5b Hair or fur absent Go to 2 Invertebrate Fish Go to 3 Reptile Go to 4 Bird Go to 5 Mammal Amphibian Image by Dario Sanches (Own Work) [CC-BY-SA-2.0]

25. Dichotomous Key Vertebrate Animal Dichotomous Key 1a Spinal column present 1b Spinal column absent 2a Fins and gills present 2b Fins and gills absent 3a Scales present 3b Scales absent 4a Feathers present 4b Feathers absent 5a Hair or fur present 5b Hair or fur absent Go to 2 Invertebrate Fish Go to 3 Reptile Go to 4 Bird Go to 5 Mammal Amphibian Is this animal a vertebrate or invertebrate? If it is a vertebrate, what class does it belong in?

26. Dichotomous Key Vertebrate Animal Dichotomous Key 1a Spinal column present 1b Spinal column absent 2a Fins and gills present 2b Fins and gills absent 3a Scales present 3b Scales absent 4a Feathers present 4b Feathers absent 5a Hair or fur present 5b Hair or fur absent Go to 2 Invertebrate Fish Go to 3 Reptile Go to 4 Bird Go to 5 Mammal Amphibian Is this animal a vertebrate or invertebrate? If it is a vertebrate, what class does it belong in?