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CHARACTERIZING AND INTEGRATING PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN A HOST-PATHOGEN RELATIONSHIP Emma Timmins-Schiffman & Elene Dorfmeier PIs:

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Presentation on theme: "CHARACTERIZING AND INTEGRATING PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN A HOST-PATHOGEN RELATIONSHIP Emma Timmins-Schiffman & Elene Dorfmeier PIs:"— Presentation transcript:

1 CHARACTERIZING AND INTEGRATING PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN A HOST-PATHOGEN RELATIONSHIP Emma Timmins-Schiffman & Elene Dorfmeier PIs: Steven Roberts & Carolyn Friedman UW, School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences

2 Purpose  How does climate change affect the physiologies of host and pathogen and their interactions?  Genes give us insight into physiological pathways. Photo: Sam White Elston et al. 2008 Waldor & RayChaudhuri 2000 Photo: Sam White

3 Outline  Background on climate change  Effects on physiology  Effects on ranges  2007 V. tubiashii event in Puget Sound  Research plan  Preliminary results  Vibrio physiological response  Oyster physiological response  Host-pathogen interactions  Future steps

4 Outline  Background on climate change  Effects on physiology  Effects on ranges  2007 V. tubiashii event in Puget Sound  Research plan  Preliminary results  Vibrio physiological response  Oyster physiological response  Host-pathogen interactions  Future steps

5 Climate Change: CO 2  Increases in atmospheric CO 2 = decreases in oceanic pH  Measured low pH of ~7.3 in Puget Sound De Baar et al. 2008

6 Climate Change: Acidification  Patterns to distribution of acidic/corrosive waters  pH correlated to saturation state Fabry et al. 2008 Riebesell et al. 2000

7 Climate Change: Physiology  Metabolic physiology & energy allocation  Ecosystem-wide effects: biodiversity, trophic interactions  Measurable up- and down-regulation of physiological pathways Gene is more highly expressed In these individuals

8 Host Response to Environmental Change  Must acclimate through physiological response.  Hypercaepnia  Calcification  Stress response  Re-allocation of resources  Decreased individual and population fitness

9 Pathogen Response to Environmental Change  Recent epidemics of vibriosis have been correlated with significant mortality in bivalve larvae.  Vibrios show preferences for certain environmental conditions. Elston et al. 2008

10 Climate Change: Range Distributions  Climate change and acidification could create ideal habitat for V. tubiashii V. tubiashii growth in adjusted pH (S. Roberts, unpub.) Environment Host Pathogen

11 Outline  Background on climate change  Effects on physiology  Effects on ranges  2007 V. tubiashii event in Puget Sound  Research plan  Preliminary results  Vibrio physiological response  Oyster physiological response  Host-pathogen interactions  Future steps

12 V. tubiashii in 2007  Significant hatchery mortalities  Links between environment and disease outbreaks  Where does the pathogen-host- environment overlap occur? Elston et al. 2008

13 Outline  Background on climate change  Effects on physiology  Effects on ranges  2007 V. tubiashii event in Puget Sound  Research plan  Preliminary results  Vibrio physiological response  Oyster physiological response  Host-pathogen interactions  Future steps

14 Research Plan  Solenoid-controlled CO 2 tank system  Multiple pH, temperature, and dissolved metal treatments concurrently  Vary disease presence/absence  Assay host and pathogen responses to different environmental conditions Seawater + equilibrated pCO2 380 ppm Seawater + equilibrated pCO2 840 ppm No disease + V. tubiashii Also vary: -metal concentrations -temperature

15 Outline  Background on climate change  Effects on physiology  Effects on ranges  2007 V. tubiashii event in Puget Sound  Research plan  Preliminary results  Vibrio physiological response  Oyster physiological response  Host-pathogen interactions  Future steps

16 Preliminary Results: V. tubiashii  Genes of interest: Alternative Sigma Factor E, Chitinase, L-threonine 3-dehydrogenase  pH: 7.3 (acidic), control  Time points: 0, 24, and 48 hours http://dhiez.wordpress.com/2008/05/02/virus-cholera-pada-manusia/ Wildcoast.blog.com

17 Gene Expression Results: V. tubiashii Both rseA and chiA were more highly expressed in the low pH treatments. Both genes could be Implicated in increased virulence.

18 Preliminary Results: C. gigas  Differential expression of immune-related genes: Prx6, IkB, IL-17 Up-regulation Down-regulation

19 Preliminary Results: C. gigas  Differential display  Isolate differentially-expressed genes and identify based on gene homology PCR product into vector Vector + competent E. coli Sequence & BLAST

20 Preliminary Results: C. gigas  Isolation of putative genes involved in acidification stress response: Primer SetblastxEST 10TGF-B-inducible nuclear protein 12 (200 bp)Chaperonin subunitCg in temp. stress 38NADH dehydrogenase Cg 18Beta-tubulinOyster stress 9Matrilin (ECM)Oyster stress

21 C. gigas Gene Discovery  Bioinformatics – metal bioavailability NCBI BioSystem s Gene Ontology Terms C. gigas ESTs C. gigas NGS data Oyster Physiology gene homologyGO terms cross-data interrogation Infer

22 C. gigas Gene Discovery  Next-Generation Sequencing: ABI SOLiD  Genome  Transcriptome  Epigenome Graphic: S. Roberts

23 Outline  Background on climate change  Effects on physiology  Effects on ranges  2007 V. tubiashii event in Puget Sound  Research plan  Preliminary results  Vibrio physiological response  Oyster physiological response  Host-pathogen interactions  Future steps

24 Implications for Host-Pathogen Interactions  Environmental change elicits measurable physiological responses in host & pathogen.  Predictive possibilities  More complete characterization of physiologies will help hatchery practices.  Development of bioindicator tools.  Mitigate future outbreaks.

25 Future Steps  Genetic Load  Inbred lines of oysters  How does the environment affect population genetics? Expected ratio of genotypes: 1 AA: 2 AB: 1 BB Observed ratio of genotypes: 1AA: 1 AB Photo: M. Gavery

26 Future Steps  Expand integrative physiology approach to ecosystem-level conservation.  Multiple trophic levels  Universal & taxon-specific bioindicators  Candidate genes  NGS  epigenetics http://www.stubbs- island.com/Orca/orca_index.html http://students.umf.maine.edu/garneajl/public.ww w/

27 Salmon  Physiology  Olfaction  Reproduction  Pituitary  Study  ~ 6 sites, varying ranges of anthropogenic influence  Effects on coho smolts

28 Orca Whales  Physiology  Contaminant metabolism  Reproduction  Thyroid hormone pathway  Study  Archival samples  Biopsies

29 Thank you  Funding  Saltonstall-Kennedy Program  People  Dr. Steven Roberts  Dr. Carolyn Friedman  Elene Dorfmeier  Rachel Thompson  Sam White  Ralph Elston  Joth Davis  Rony Thi  C-dog  M-dizzle  ½ KJ

30 References  De Baar, H., L. Gerringa, and C-E Thuroczy. Oct. 6-8 2008. “Effects of Changes in Carbonate Chemistry on Nutrient and Metal Speciation.” EPOCA.  Elston, R.A., H. Hasegawa, K.L. Humphrey, I.K. Polyak, and C.C. Hase. 2008. Re-emergence of Vibrio tubiashii in bivalve shellfish aquaculture: severity, environmental drivers, geographic extent and management. Dis.Aquat.Org. 82: 119-134.  Fabry, V.J., B.A. Seibel, R.A. Feely, J.C. Orr. 2008. Impacts of ocean acidification on marine fauna and ecosystem processes. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 65: 414-432.  Feely, R.A., C.L. Sabine, J.M. Hernandez-Ayon, D. Ianson, B. Hales. 2008. Evidence for Upwelling of Corrosive “Acidified” Water onto the Continental Shelf. Science. 320: 1490-1492.  IPCC. 2007. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Solomon, S., D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M. Tignor, and H.L. Miller (eds.). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK & NY.  Launey, S. and D. Hedgecock. 2001. High Genetic Load in the Pacific Oyster Crassostrea gigas. Genetics. 159: 255-265.  Riebesell, U., I. Zonderva, B. Rost, P.D. Tortell, R.E. Zeebe, and F.M.M. Morel. 2000. Reduced calcification of marine plankton in response to increased atmospheric CO2. Lett. To Nature. 407: 364-367.  Waldor, M.K., and D. RayChaudhuri. 2000. Bacterial genomics: Treasure trove for cholera research. Nature. 406: 469-470.

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