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3. The Monuments of Glagolitic

4. THE GLAGOLITIC ALPHABET The Glagolitic alphabet- the oldest Slavic alphabet, made by a missionary and apostle, Saint Constantin called Cyril, who together with his brother, Methodius, in the 9 th century recorded the Slavic language used in the region of Thessaloniki. The Glagolitic alphabet was the original alphabet of the Old Church Slavonic language, which was to be the liturgical language of the Slavics, and in its later stage as the Orthodox Slavic language remained the literary language of the educated people of the Orthodox faith.

5. TYPES OF THE GLAGOLITIC ALPHABET Bulgarian Glagolitic alphabet (rounded) with oval characters (used until the 12th century) Croatian Glagolitic alphabet (square) with square characters which developed especially in the 14th century and is still used in the Catholic liturgy in Dalmatia. Cursive Glagolitic alphabet. It is used for typing. Tens of thousands of manuscripts, acts and books were written in it. The greatest work consists of 22 volumes. In comparison to other alphabets of the southern Slavics such as the Western Cyrillic alphabet, the Latin alphabet, the Arabic and Greek alphabet, the cursive Glagolitic alphabet was used to make the most important documents and trade contracts. Printed Glagolitic alphabet since 1483. Computer Glagolitic alphabet since 1996.

6. NAMES OF DOCUMENTS It is also important to explain the name of a document. The first part of name, codex, comes from Latin codex, codices (manuscript, book, document, list) and refers to a long text written on separate pages bound together. The term is used to refer to illuminated manuscripts (including liturgial books) up to the 16th century. The second part of the name is connected directly with the place where a document was discovered. The name, like the names of other documents, is agreed upon (Codex Zographensis- the name comes from the Zograf monastery at Mount Athos, Glagolita Clozianus- the name comes from one of the first owners of the document).

7. KIEV CODEX This is a part of missal ( seven cards ) of the Latin rite from the end of the 10th or the beginning of the 11th century. Nowadays, it is in the Ukrainian National Library in Kiev. THE PSALTERIUM SINAITICUM It is one of the oldest Glagolitic manuscripts, dated to the 11th century. It is called the Psalterium Sinaiticum, since it was found in the monastery of St. Catherine on the Mount Sinai, where it is to this day. Unfortunately, the manuscript is not complete, the final psalm is missing.

8. CODEX ASSEMANIUS It is a Glagolitic parchment manuscript from the end of the10th or beginning of the 11th century. Nowadays it has 158 folios. Some final pages have been lost. It is one of the earliest discovered texts of the canon. It was found in 1736 by Joseph Assemani and thanks to that this work has his name. He discovered it in one of the monasteries in Jerusalem. It was bought by the Vatican Library and it is kept there. THE KIEV MISSAL It is a Glagolitic manuscript from the 10th century. The work consists of seven cards. It was found in 1874 in Jerusalem. Its discoverer, Antonim gave it to the Kiev Clerical Academy. Up till now it is in Kiev, in the Ukrainian National Library.

9. THE CODEX ZOGRAPHENSIS This is the codex written in Glagolitsa, which comes from the 10th century. It includes the translation of the four Gospels. Its name comes from the Zograf Monastery at Mount Athos in Greece, because the text was discovered there. The manuscript consists of 304 sheets. There is an inserted text written in Cyrillic which includes a list of movable feasts with instructions on what part of the Gospel should be read on a particular day. It was published in 1879, transcribed in Cyrillic. It is stored now in The Public Library in Petersburg.

10. PRAGUE FRAGMENTS They are two cards written in the Glagolitic alphabets, discovered in 1855. They are kept in the Archive of Metropolitan Chapter in Prague. The first card contains short hymns and the second card a fragment of Good Friday’s Liturgy. GLAGOLITA CLOZIANUS They are Glagolitic texts from the 11th century. What remained of it to these days are only 14 cards. First they were owned by John Frangepani, then by Count Cloz; and the codex is named after him. It is supposed that it was written in Croatia. Now 12 folios are in Trident and the other cards in the Museum of Ferdinand in Innsbruck.

11. GLAGOLITIC FRAGMENT OF RYLA They consist of 8 cards. They were discovered in the monastery in Ryla in Bulgaria.

12. STONE PLAGUE CALLED BASCANSKA PLOCE The oldest document of the Croatian language- written mainly in the Glagolitic script, remained to our times. It was found in a monastery near Baska, in St. Lucy's Church in Jurandvor, on the island of Krk around 1100 AD. For Croats, the document proves there was a country in the Middle Ages in Croatia, whose people belonged to those who knew the alphabet.

13. POTOCKI PSALTER Potocki Psalter- written on parchment, illuminated by the best artists in Paris, the French Psalter from the 13 th century. Its early history is unknown. It is exibited in Warsaw in the National Library. It has been in Polish collection for more than 200 years.

14. GALLERY In the followiong slides we will present the photos of the oldest monuments of the Glagolitic alphabet, which have not been discussed by us so far.

15. INSCRIPTIO N OF VALUN INSCRIPTIO N OF KRK

16. VINODOLSK I MONASTER Y KONAVOSKI

17. JURJA INSCRIPTIO N THE PHOTO OF ISTARSZI

18. The Monument s of Cyrillic

19. The Cyrillic alphabet- the alphabet used to write East Slavic languages, most of South Slavic languages and others. It was named after St. Cyril, the apostle of Slavs, who worked on a mission in Great Moravia, together with his brother, Methodius. He introduced the Slavic language to liturgy. The Cyrillic script replaced the Glagolitic alphabet used earlier. Originally, it contained a few characters which are not used today. It was simplified on the basis of the capital Greek alphabet (majuscule) and the Glagolitic alphabet, from which some of the characters were transferred. Capital and small letters are differentiated in the Cyrillic alphabet, however as opposed to the Latin alphabet, they vary mainly in size and not in shape. THE CYRILLIC ALPHABET

20. THE CODEX MARIANUS This is a text written in the Cyrillic alphabet. It consists of four Gospels, 175 cards. It comes from the end of the 10th or the beginning of the 11th century. It was discovered by Victor Grigorovic at Mount Athos in the Monastery of the Holy Mother of God in 1845. Unfortunately, there is no beginning nor end in it.

21. CHILANDAR’S CODE They are two Cyrillic cards discovered in 1844 in the monastery Chilandar at the Mount Athos. They are in the University Library in Odessa.

22. SAVA’S BOOK It is a Cyrillic document from the 11th century. It was found in 1866 in a monastery near Pskov. At present it is kept in the Central State Archive in Moscow. The manuscript has 166 folios but it is slightly destroyed. Its name comes from a short notice on card 49 from which the scientists suggested the name.

23. CODEX GERTRUDIANUS Codex Gertrudianus- also known as „Psalterium Egberti” or „Ekbert Psalter”, writen in Latin in the tenth century for the request of Trir Archbishop Egbert. In the eleventh century it was supplemented with prayers in Old Russian and miniatures created for Gertrude a Polish princess, the wife of Iziasław Novgorod. The miniatures show Gertrude's son.

24. OSTROMIR EVANGELIARY Ostromir Evangeliary- the oldest of the Russian manuscript books is Ostromir Evangeliary, stored in the State National Library in St. Petersburg. It was written for the emperor's of Novgorod Ostromir, between 1056 and 1057. The Gospel is written on 294 parchment calf leather pages, size 35x30 and each page presents the beauty of manuscript art. It enchants with its simplicity, proportionality of letters, the parchment texture and colours emphasizing the beauty of initials. The manuscript is decorated with miniatures depicting the apostles Mark, Luke and John, painted with green, red blue, white and gold paint.

25. The miniatures are adorned with a lion figure with golden lines, it is a symbol of Christ. Each new chapter begins on a new page, in its upper part there is a rectangular ornament, (valve) with bright floral painted motifs. There are seventeen of them in the manuscript. Some initials are finely decorated, for example, the letter „P” shows an old man's head with large eyes and a long beard, the letter „B” shows a face with surprising expression. It is also a masterpiece in terms of calligraphy. An Old Russian saying can be noticed here 'A hand holding the pen will go to the grave, but what is written will live forever.' OSTROMIR EVANGELIARY

26. MSTISLAV EVANGELIARY Mstislav Evangeliary- was written in 1117. It attracts attention because of the language used in it and the artistic shape of the manuscript. The Gospel was written for the request of Prince Mstislav of Novgorod, for the local church, the residence of the Novograd dukes. The binding was decorated with precious stones and gold, the manuscript was known and described as very expensive. It contains four miniatures of the apostles, similar to the miniatures in Ostromir Evangeliary, as well as more monumental and decorative large valve in dark red, typical of Russian art. A large number of initials in gold and other colours also draws attention. It is at the National History Museum in Moscow.

27. CODEX SUPRASLIENSIS In Polish it is also known as Kodeks Supraślski or Kodeks Supraski. Codex Suprasliensis is the greatest document among all the documents in Old Church Slavonic. The manuscript contains 285 parchment folios. Several additional folios from the beginning, middle and end of the manuscript are missing. There are 24 hagiographies, homilies for March and a prayer. In the hagiographies there are fragments describing the whole life of a saint, but also chosen fragments of a life eg. Martyrdom, suffering or miracles. The only prayer included in the manuscript can be seen in its contents with the title that tells us that it is not an original, but was found in another text from which it must have been copied.

28. JUREWSKI EVANGELIARY Jurewski Evangeliary- was created in the years 1119-1128 and can be distinguished from other manuscripts produced at that time, because its frontispiece and initials are filled with paint of one colour- red. Its miniatures are decorated with motifs of birds, holding twigs in beaks (theme often found in Iranian art) and animals. Some of the initial letters have interesting shapes, „R” is presented in the form of a hand holding a twig, the letter „W” as curving vines or beast. Among the initials of the manuscript we can find a camel and a half-naked woman entwined with flowers.