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Methods of conservation
LO 1: explain the methods of conservation and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each LO 2: Discuss, with examples, the impact of National and International organisations and legislation concerned with conservation
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RESTORATION OF DEGRADED AREAS
LO 1: explain the methods of conservation and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each RESTORATION OF DEGRADED AREAS Filling up holes by establishing artificial lakes Introducing plants that are resistant to heavy metals Establishing game parks
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PROMOTE RECOVERY OF SPECIES
LO 1: explain the methods of conservation and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each PROMOTE RECOVERY OF SPECIES Breeding programmers Eradication of limiting factors including alien species Education of public
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CONTROL OF EXPLOITATION
LO 1: explain the methods of conservation and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each CONTROL OF EXPLOITATION Introduce rules and legislation to control hunting and fishing industries. Control logging and land clearing of tropical rain forests. Control the trade in wildlife.
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In situ versus Ex situ In situ:
LO: explain the methods of conservation and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each In situ versus Ex situ In situ: Conservation of species in their natural habitat E.g. natural parks, nature reserves Ex situ: Conserving species in isolation of their natural habitat E.g. zoos, botanical gardens, seed banks
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IN SITU CONSERVATION Species kept in their own natural habitat.
Area out of bounds for humans and their activities. Projects carried out to encourage species revival.
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LO: explain the methods of conservation and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each
In situ conservation Setting up wild life reserves is not just a matter of building a fence around an area and letting it grow “wild” Without grazing animals heathlands which contain a number of rare species will revert to woodland
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Nature reserves and national parks
LO: explain the methods of conservation and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each Nature reserves and national parks Identify area Delimit Surveys - key species Property may have to be expropriated Legal framework - control human activities Policing the area may also be necessary Restoring Alien species eliminated Constant management Arrest natural succession
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LO: explain the methods of conservation and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each
Size and corridors
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Babbs Mill Large Map Babbs Mill Large Map Babbs Mill Large Map
Babbs Mill Large Map Babbs Mill Large Map Cannock Chase Sutton park Kingsbury Water Park
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Buffer zones and edge effect
LO: explain the methods of conservation and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each Buffer zones and edge effect Park Buffer zone Brown-headed cowbird – western USA
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The advantages of in situ conservation
LO: explain the methods of conservation and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each The advantages of in situ conservation Resources - adapted too Evolve in their environment Space Bigger breeding populations Cheaper Wordpress.com
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LO: explain the methods of conservation and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each
Problems Sciencemuseum.org It is difficult to control illegal exploitation (e.g. poaching) The environment may need restoring and alien species are difficult to control Japanese Knot weed Ragwort Giant hogweed
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EX SITU CONSERVATION Zoos Captive breeding programmers
LO: explain the methods of conservation and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each EX SITU CONSERVATION Zoos Captive breeding programmers Botanical gardens Seed banks
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Ex situ conservation Captive breeding
LO: explain the methods of conservation and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each Ex situ conservation Captive breeding The Hawaiian goose was practically extinct in the wild 12 birds were taken into captivity A population of 9000 was released back into the wild The experiment failed. Why? State Symbols USA
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Pere David’s deer success or failure?
LO: explain the methods of conservation and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each Pere David’s deer success or failure? Pere David’s deer was a native species of China In were taken into zoological collections Meanwhile it became extinct in the wild By 1981 there were 994 individuals scattered through zoological collections America Zoo
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LO: explain the methods of conservation and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each
Ex situ conservation Captive breeding of endangered species is a last resort reached the point where their populations would not recover in the wild It works well for species that are easily bred in captivity Isolated in captivity they do not evolve with their environment
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Zoos: The land of the living dead?
LO: explain the methods of conservation and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each Zoos: The land of the living dead? Small gene pool - Inbreeding is a serious problem Solution: exchanging specimens or by artificial insemination In vitro fertilisation Natural habitat may have disappeared
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LO: explain the methods of conservation and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each
Botanical gardens Originally role - economic, pharmaceutical and aesthetic Range of species limited Distribution of botanical gardens - distribution of colonial powers Most are found in Europe and North America But plant diversity is greatest in the tropics
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LO: explain the methods of conservation and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each
Seed banks Seeds can be maintained for decades or even centuries if the conditions are controlled <5% humidity and –20°C Not all species are suited to this treatment Seeds need to be regularly germinated to renew stock or the seeds will eventually loose their viability Seed banks are at risk from power failure, natural disasters and war Duplicate stocks can be maintained Seeds kept in seed banks do not evolve with changes in the environment © 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS
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The doomsday vault - Spitzbergen
LO: explain the methods of conservation and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each The doomsday vault - Spitzbergen BBC Bergen Nat Acc of Arts
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INTERNATIONAL AGENCIES
LO: Discuss, with examples, the impact of National and International organisations and legislation concerned with conservation INTERNATIONAL AGENCIES IUCN – International union for the Conservation of Nature CITES – Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora WWF – World Wide Fund for nature
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CITES The Convention in International Trade in Endangered Species
LO: Discuss, with examples, the impact of National and International organisations and legislation concerned with conservation CITES The Convention in International Trade in Endangered Species Set up in 1988 to control and encourage the sustainable exploitation of species determines the status of a species whether or not its exploitation requires regulation Species placed into different appendices depending on their status
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LO: Discuss, with examples, the impact of National and International organisations and legislation concerned with conservation Trade Database 500,000 records of trade in CITES-listed species of wildlife are reported annually.
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CITES Appendices Appendix 1: Total ban on exploitation
LO: Discuss, with examples, the impact of National and International organisations and legislation concerned with conservation CITES Appendices Appendix 1: Total ban on exploitation Appendix 2: Limited exploitation subject to quotas Appendix 3: Species requiring protection in certain states only Species are reassessed every 2 years © 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS
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Appendix 1: Total ban on exploitation
LO: Discuss, with examples, the impact of National and International organisations and legislation concerned with conservation Appendix 1: Total ban on exploitation
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Appendix 2: Limited exploitation subject to quotas.
LO: Discuss, with examples, the impact of National and International organisations and legislation concerned with conservation Appendix 2: Limited exploitation subject to quotas.
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Appendix 3: Species requiring protection in certain states only
LO: Discuss, with examples, the impact of National and International organisations and legislation concerned with conservation Appendix 3: Species requiring protection in certain states only
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WWF (World Wide Fund for Nature formerly World Wildlife Fund)
LO: Discuss, with examples, the impact of National and International organisations and legislation concerned with conservation WWF (World Wide Fund for Nature formerly World Wildlife Fund) Set up in 1961 as a non-governmental organisation Raises funds for conservation Lobbies parliaments for conservation Runs education programmes Provides advice to government conservation agencies Raises awareness on conservation issues
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Conservation Efforts Biology and ecology advancement WWF-Chinese g
LO: Discuss, with examples, the impact of National and International organisations and legislation concerned with conservation Conservation Efforts Biology and ecology advancement WWF-Chinese g government survey 300 Staff
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RIO CONVENTION ON BIODIVESITY
Environmental treaty between countries. Global consensus and political commitment to sustainable development. Recognizes the link between biodiversity conservation and development.
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OVERALL OBJECTIVES Conservation of biodiversity
LO: Discuss, with examples, the impact of National and International organisations and legislation concerned with conservation OVERALL OBJECTIVES Conservation of biodiversity Sustainable use of components Fair sharing of benefits arising from utilization, including genetic resources.
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LO: Discuss, with examples, the impact of National and International organisations and legislation concerned with conservation
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Founded 1971 by anti war protestors Issue – nuclear weapons testing
LO: Discuss, with examples, the impact of National and International organisations and legislation concerned with conservation Founded 1971 by anti war protestors Issue – nuclear weapons testing
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Reimannian Maths The Problem
An explorer walks one mile due south, then one mile due east, turns and walks one mile due north. Amazingly, he ends up where he started. He sees a bear. What colour is the bear?
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