1. Methods of conservation

2. Criteria for designing protected areas
LO 1: State and explain the criteria used to design protected areas
Criteria for designing protected areas
Size
Shape
Edge effects
Corridors
Proximity

3. LO 1: State and explain the criteria used to design protected areas
Size
Larger space allows for larger populations and gene pools, and a wider variety of species

4. LO 1: State and explain the criteria used to design protected areas
Shape and Proximity
Round is better than all other shapes because it reduces the edge effect
If protected areas are close to other protected areas, they are more effective than isolated islands

5. Buffer zones and edge effect
LO 1: State and explain the criteria used to design protected areas
Buffer zones and edge effect
Park
Buffer zone
Less edge is better; edge creates differences in the structure of an ecosystem, called an ecotone (an area where 2 habitats meet), which influences what may successfully live there.
Brown-headed cowbird – western USA

6. Corridors Provide safe passage between protected areas
LO 1: State and explain the criteria used to design protected areas
Corridors
Provide safe passage between protected areas

8. Task: Evaluate the success of a named protected area
CS1: Snowdonia

9. Task: Evaluate the success of a named protected area
CS2: Serengeti

10. In situ versus Ex situ In situ:
LO2: Discuss and evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of the species based approach to conservation.
In situ versus Ex situ
In situ:
Conservation of species in their natural habitat
E.g. natural parks, nature reserves
Ex situ:
Conserving species in isolation of their natural habitat
E.g. zoos, botanical gardens, seed banks

11. IN SITU CONSERVATION Species kept in their own natural habitat.
LO2: Discuss and evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of the species based approach to conservation.
IN SITU CONSERVATION
Species kept in their own natural habitat.
Area out of bounds for humans and their activities.
Projects carried out to encourage species revival.

12. LO2: Discuss and evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of the species based approach to conservation.
In situ conservation
Setting up wild life reserves is not just a matter of building a fence around an area and letting it grow “wild”
Without grazing animals heathlands which contain a number of rare species will revert to woodland

13. The advantages of in situ conservation
LO2: Discuss and evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of the species based approach to conservation.
The advantages of in situ conservation
Resources - adapted too
Evolve in their environment
Space
Bigger breeding populations
Cheaper
Wordpress.com

14. LO2: Discuss and evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of the species based approach to conservation.
Problems
Sciencemuseum.org
It is difficult to control illegal exploitation (e.g. poaching)
The environment may need restoring and alien species are difficult to control
Japanese Knot weed
Ragwort
Giant hogweed

15. EX SITU CONSERVATION SPECIES BASED APPROACH Zoos
LO2: Discuss and evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of the species based approach to conservation.
EX SITU CONSERVATION
SPECIES BASED APPROACH
Zoos
Captive breeding programmers
Botanical gardens
Seed banks

16. Ex situ conservation Captive breeding
LO2: Discuss and evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of the species based approach to conservation.
Ex situ conservation Captive breeding
The Hawaiian goose was practically extinct in the wild
12 birds were taken into captivity
A population of 9000 was released back into the wild
The experiment failed. Why?
State Symbols USA

17. Pere David’s deer success or failure?
LO2: Discuss and evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of the species based approach to conservation.
Pere David’s deer success or failure?
Pere David’s deer was a native species of China
In were taken into zoological collections
Meanwhile it became extinct in the wild
By 1981 there were 994 individuals scattered through zoological collections
America Zoo

18. LO2: Discuss and evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of the species based approach to conservation.
Ex situ conservation
Captive breeding of endangered species is a last resort
reached the point where their populations would not recover in the wild
It works well for species that are easily bred in captivity
Isolated in captivity they do not evolve with their environment

19. Zoos: The land of the living dead?
LO2: Discuss and evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of the species based approach to conservation.
Zoos: The land of the living dead?
Small gene pool - Inbreeding is a serious problem
Solution: exchanging specimens or by artificial insemination
In vitro fertilisation
Natural habitat may have disappeared

20. LO2: Discuss and evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of the species based approach to conservation.
Botanical gardens
Originally role - economic, pharmaceutical and aesthetic
Range of species limited
Distribution of botanical gardens - distribution of colonial powers
Most are found in Europe and North America
But plant diversity is greatest in the tropics

21. LO2: Discuss and evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of the species based approach to conservation.

22. LO2: Discuss and evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of the species based approach to conservation.
Seed banks
Seeds can be maintained for decades or even centuries if the conditions are controlled
<5% humidity and –20°C
Not all species are suited to this treatment
Seeds need to be regularly germinated to renew stock or the seeds will eventually loose their viability
Seed banks are at risk from power failure, natural disasters and war
Duplicate stocks can be maintained
Seeds kept in seed banks do not evolve with changes in the environment
© 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS

23. The doomsday vault - Spitzbergen
LO2: Discuss and evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of the species based approach to conservation.
The doomsday vault - Spitzbergen
BBC
Bergen Nat Acc of Arts

24. CITES The Convention in International Trade in Endangered Species
LO2: Discuss and evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of the species based approach to conservation.
CITES
The Convention in International Trade in Endangered Species
Set up in 1988 to control and encourage the sustainable exploitation of species
determines the status of a species
whether or not its exploitation requires regulation
Species placed into different appendices depending on their status

25. LO2: Discuss and evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of the species based approach to conservation.
Trade Database
500,000 records of trade in CITES-listed species of wildlife are reported annually.

26. CITES Appendices Appendix 1: Total ban on exploitation
LO2: Discuss and evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of the species based approach to conservation.
CITES Appendices
Appendix 1: Total ban on exploitation
Appendix 2: Limited exploitation subject to quotas
Appendix 3: Species requiring protection in certain states only
Species are reassessed every 2 years

27. Appendix 1: Total ban on exploitation
LO2: Discuss and evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of the species based approach to conservation.
Appendix 1: Total ban on exploitation
                                                                                                       

28. Appendix 2: Limited exploitation subject to quotas.
LO2: Discuss and evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of the species based approach to conservation.
Appendix 2: Limited exploitation subject to quotas.
                                                                       
                                                                             

29. Appendix 3: Species requiring protection in certain states only
LO2: Discuss and evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of the species based approach to conservation.
Appendix 3: Species requiring protection in certain states only