1. INSPIRING CREATIVE AND INNOVATIVE MINDS QUALITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS 1.Collected data is made into text 2.Codes to sets of notes or transcript pages 3.Codes are transformed into categorical labels or themes 4.Materials are sorted by the categories – similar phrases, patterns, relationships, commonalities or disparities 5.Materials are examined to isolate meaningful patterns and processes 6.Identified patterns are considered in light of previous research and theories, and small set of generalisations is established

2. DATA ANALYSIS PREPARATION 1.Organise data 2.Transcribe data 3.Analyse – manual, computer

3. Organise Data 1.Develop a matrix or a table of sources 2.Organise by type 3.Keeping duplicate copies of all forms of data

4. Transcribe data Transription is the process of converting audiotape recordings or fieldnotes into text data

5. Analyse by hand or computer Hand analysis of qualitative data means that researchers read the data, mark it by hand, dan divided into parts A computer analysis means that researchers use a qualitative computer program to facilitate the process of storing – Atlas.ti, Ethnograph, Nvivo, HyperRESEARCH, etc.

6. Using Codes to Build Description and Themes Describing and developing themes consists of answering the major research questions and forming an in-depth understanding of the central phenomenon

7. Description Developing the detail is important – the researcher analyses data from all sources to build potrait of individuals or events 1.Broad-to-narrow description 2.Vivid details 3.Action verbs and movement-oriented modifiers and adjectives 4.Report the “facts” as they heard 5.Includes quote to provide emphasis and realism

8. Themes Typically consist of no more than two to four words 1.Ordinary themes 2.Unexpected themes 3.Hard-to-classify themes 4.Major and minor themes

9. Multiple perspectives – viewpoints from different individuals and sources of data Contrary evidence – information does not support or confirm the themes and provides contradictory information about the theme Saturation – the point where the major themes have been identified and no new information can add to the list of the themes or to the existing themes

10. Layering and Interrelating Themes Representing the data using interconnected levels of themes – subsume minor themes within major themes and include major themes within broader themes (works “upward” toward broader and broader levels Data – Description – Themes – Perspectives (layers)

11. Interpret Findings Interpretation means that the researcher steps back and forms some larger meaning about the phenomenon based on personal views, comparisons with past studies, or both – discussion, conclusions, interpretations, implications

12. 1.Review of major findings and how the research questions were answered 2.Personal reflections about the meaning of the data 3.Personal views compared or contrasted with the literature 4.Limitations of the study 5.Suggestions for future research

13. Summarise Findings General recap of the major findings – state each individual research question and provide findings for each question

14. Convey Personal Reflections -Personal views can never be kept separate from interpretations, personal reflections about the meaning of the data

15. Make Comparisons to the Literature -The inquirer interprets the data in view of the past researches, showing how the findings may support or contradict

16. Offer Limitations and Suggestions for Future Research -Suggests possible limitations or weaknesses -Address problems in data collection, unanswered questions by participants, sampling, and sites

17. Validate the accuracy of the findings -Determines the accuracy or credibility of the findings through strategies – member checking, triangulation -Bias --- interpretive -Authenticity and trustworthiness

18. Triangulation -The process of corroborating evidence from different individuals, types of data, or methods of data collection in descriptions and themes

19. Short Activity Look back to your fieldnote transcriptions and analyse it by identifying the theme, words, characters, paragraphs, concepts, items, and so on

20. Thank you very much for your attention…