1. Phylum Chordata

2. Vertebrate Classification ClassCommon Name Myxini and CephalaspidomorphiJawless fishes ChondrichthyesCartilaginous fishes OsteichthyesBony fishes AmphibiaAmphibians ReptiliaReptiles AvesBirds MammaliaMammals Superclass Pisces Superclass Tetrapoda Anamniotes Amniotes The classes identified above represent the traditional classification scheme. Other schemes exist, particularly with regard to how the various fishes are grouped and whether or not birds are included with the reptiles.

3. Characteristics of Chordates ► Notochord ► Dorsal nerve cord ► Pharyngeal pouches or gill slits ► Postanal tail

4. Phylum Chordata, 3 Subphyla ► Subphylum Urochordata ► Subphylum Cephalochordata ► Subphylum Vertebrata  Jawless fishes  Cartilaginous fishes  Bony fishes  Amphibians  Reptiles  Birds  Mammals

5. Subphylum Urochordata ► Known as tunicates ► Salt water ► Filter feeders ► Invertebrates, no skeleton ► Exs. Sea squirt, sea peach

6. Subphylum Cephalochordata ► Known as lancelets ► Fish-like ► Salt water ► Filter feeders ► Invertebrate, no skeleton

7. Subphylum Vertebrata ► All characteristics of chordates ► Distinguishing characteristics  Vertebral column or spine, vertebrates  Cranium or skull that protects the brain  Endoskeleton composed of bone or cartilage

8. Major groups of Vertebrates

9. General Characteristics of Fishes ► Aquatic vertebrates ► Movement -paired fins, paired muscles contract in S curve, swim bladder ► Scales - protection ► Respiration - gills – exchanging gases ► Feeding – herbivores, carnivores, parasites, filter feeders and detritivores ► Circulation – closed circulatory systems, heart pumps blood around body in single loop ► Excretion – diffuses through gills and is filtered through kidneys ► Response – nervous system, multi-part brain, smell, see color, detect movement, taste, sense vibrations ► Reproduction – internal or external fertilization, sexual reproduction

10. Jawless Fishes ► Long, eel-like bodies ► Lack jaws, true teeth ► 2 types  Hagfish – scavengers  Lampreys - parasites

11. Cartilaginous Fishes ► Salt water ► Jaws and teeth ► Endoskeleton of cartilage ► Tooth like scales ► Internal fertilization ► Ectothermic ► Examples -Sharks, Skates and Rays

12. Bony Fishes ► Jaws ► Smooth scales ► Bony endoskeleton ► Aquatic ► Swim bladder ► Ectothermic ► Types  Ray-finned fishes  Lobe-finned fishes

13. General Characteristics of Amphibians ► Amphi- bian “double-life” ► Feeding – adults are carnivorous ► Respiration – gas exchange, larval: through skin and gills; adults: through skin and lungs ► Circulation- double loop, oxygen rich and oxygen poor, 2 chamber heart ► Excretion – kidneys filter waste ► Reproduction – external fertilization, sexual reproduction ► Movement – walk, jump or slither ► Response – brain, vision, tympanic membrane (simple eardrum)

14. Amphibians  Ectothermic  Aquatic or terrestrial  Skin is smooth, moist, and permeable to gases and water  Most lay eggs in water  Types ► frogs, toads and salamanders, caecilians

15. General Characteristics of Reptiles ► Vertebrate, bony endoskeleton ► Dry, scaly skin ► Terrestrial eggs with leathery shell, amniotic egg ► Feeding – herbivores, carnivores ► Respiration – spongy lungs provide gas exchange ► Circulation – double-loop circulatory system, 3-4 chambered heart ► Excretion – urine produced in kidneys, small bladder ► Response – complex eyes, color vision, smell, simple external ears, detect vibrations, chemical sense receptors, heat detection ► Movement – walk, run, burrow, swim, climb ► Reproduction – internal fertilization, sexual

16. Reptiles ► Ectothermic ► Strong limbs ► Examples  Turtles, crocodiles, alligators, lizards and snakes, tuatara

17. General Characteristics of Birds ► Feeding – beaks adapted to type of food they eat, smaller bird, more it eats, no teeth, but crop and gizzard help breakdown ► Respiration – air sacs, lungs, air in/out in one breath ► Circulation – 4 chambered heart, 2 separate circulatory loops ► Excretion – waste removed from blood by kidneys, water is absorbed, uric acid secreted ► Response – well-developed sense organs, brain can interpret and response to signals, see colors, hear well, no strong sense of taste/smell ► Movement – walk, run, fly ► Reproduction – internal fertilization, sexual reproduction, amniotic egg with hard shell

18. Birds  Endothermic  2 legs covered with scales  Front limbs modified into wings  Adapted for flight ► Feathers ► Hollow bones ► Unique respiratory system

19. Characteristics of Mammals ► Feeding – herbivores, omnivores, carnivores, special digestive enzymes and organs to break down food ► Respiration – lungs, breathing control with diaphragm muscle ► Circulation – 4 chamber heart, two separate blood loops ► Excretion – kidney filter urea from blood and excrete excess water ► Response – highly developed brains, cerebral cortex allows thinking, smell, hearing, taste, color vision, touch ► Movement – run, walk, climb, burrow, hop, pounce, swing, fly, leap and swim ► Reproduction – internal fertilization, sexual, most have live birth

20. Mammals ► Endothermic with subcutaneous fat ► Hair or fur ► Milk produced from mammary gland ► Single jawbone ► Specialized teeth ► Breathe air

21. Monotremes and Marsupials ► Most primitive of mammals ► Monotremes = egg-laying mammals Examples, spiny anteater, platypus ► Marsupials = bear live young that complete development in a pouch ► Examples, kangaroo, opossum

22. Placental Mammals ► Nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide and wastes are exchange by embryo and mother through the placenta ► Diverse group composed of at least 18 orders ► 95% of mammals are placental ► They live on land, in water and the air