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Chapter 8Joints
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Joints Also called articulations; place where two or more bones meet Function- Hold skeleton together and give it mobility
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Classifications of Joints Structural Functional
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Functional: Classification of Joints Synarthroses- no movement; all fibrous joints in this category like sutures, gomphoses (teeth), tibiofibular ligament Amphiarthroses- slight movement; includes intervertebral joints and symphysis pubis Diarthroses- freely mobile; includes remainder of joints
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Structural Classification 1. Fibrous no joint cavity; bones joined by fibrous tissue; almost all are immoveable Sutures Syndesmoses Gomphosis (functionally Synarthroses)
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Structural Con’t 2. Cartilaginous no joint cavity; motion ranges from rigid to slightly mobile Synchondroses Symphyses (Functionally Amphiarthroses)
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Structural Con’t 3. Synovial has a joint cavity, freely mobile (Functionally Diarthroses) Almost all other joints of the body are in this category
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Quiz Picture p. 220
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Characteristics of Synovial Joint Articular Capsule Articular Cartilage Joint Cavity Synovial Fluid Reinforcing Ligaments
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Bursae & Tendon Sheaths Bursae- flattened sacs lined with synovial membrane; filled with synovial fluid Tendon sheaths- an elongated bursae that wraps completely around a tendon Fat Pads- adipose tissue pads in joint; cushions joint Function- reduce friction between structures
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Quiz Picture p.222
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Stability of Synovial Joints Articular Surfaces- only a minor role Ligaments- only a minor role Muscle Tendons- most important stabilizing force at a joint
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Types of Movement at Synovial Joints Nonaxial- slipping movements only Uniaxial- movement in only 1 plane Biaxial- movement in 2 planes Multiaxial- movement in 3 planes
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Why Movement Occurs Each skeletal muscle is attached in at least 2 places to bone or connective tissue. Movement occurs with contraction of muscle across joints. Origin-attachment to immobile bone. Insertion-attachment to mobile bone
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Types of Movement Gliding (nonaxial)- bones slip past each other; no angular movement occurs Movement between carpals, tarsals, and articular processes of vertebrae
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Types of Movement Angular- several different types –Flexion- decrease the angle of a joint –Extension- increase the angle of a joint –Dorsiflexion (foot)- foot toward head –Plantarflexion (foot)- foot away from head –ABduction- limb away from midline –ADduction- limb toward midline
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Types of Movement - Circumduction- limb traces a cone/circle in space - Rotation- turning a bone around its own long axis
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Special Types Movement Suppination- palm up Pronation- palm down Inversion- foot turns in (sprained ankle) Eversion- foot turns out
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Special Types Movement Protraction- bone forced forward Retraction- bone forced backward Elevation- lift superiorly Depression- drop inferiorly Opposition- thumb to tips of fingers on same hand
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Types of Synovial Joints Plane Joints- flat articular surfaces; allow only gliding movements; only nonaxial joints; intercarpal, intertarsal, and intervertebral joints Hinge Joints- the rounded end of one bone fits into a space on another bone; uniaxial joint; elbow and interphalangeal joints
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Types of Synovial Joints Condyloid Joints- the articulating surfaces are oval; biaxial joint movement; radiocarpal and metaphalangeal joints are examples Saddle Joints- articular surfaces have concave and convex areas; biaxial movement; carpometacarpal joints of thumbs
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Types of Synovial Joints Pivot Joints- the rounded end of one bone protrudes into an opening of another or into a ligament Ball and Socket Joints- only two in the body; the shoulder and the hip; freely mobile; most versatile joints
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Knee Joint Largest, most complex joint of body articular capsule sides and back of joint highly susceptible to injuries due to carrying body weight horizontal force injuries are the worst
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Shoulder One of only 2 ball and socket joints in the body humeral head fits into glenoid cavity lots of flexibility with a loss of stability location of the rotator cuff
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Hip ball and socket joints in the body femoral head fits into the deep acetabulum of the coxal bone lots of stability but not as much flexibility as the shoulder
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Elbow hinge joints in the body uniaxial movement joint contains fat pad
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Injuries Torn ligaments Bursitis Tendonitis
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Arthritis Osteoarthritis – most common Rheumatoid - autoimmune Gouty – diet, uric acid
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Rheumatoid Arthritis
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