1. Vitamins Water-soluble

2. Water-soluble Vitamins Dissolve in water causing the unused amounts of these vitamins to leave your body along with body wastes. Dissolve in water causing the unused amounts of these vitamins to leave your body along with body wastes. Cannot be stored in your body and therefore you need to eat foods that supply these vitamins every day. Cannot be stored in your body and therefore you need to eat foods that supply these vitamins every day. B vitamins C

3. Group of vitamins that work together in your body. Group of vitamins that work together in your body. Thiamin (vitamin B 1 ), riboflavin (vitamin B 2 ), niacin. Thiamin (vitamin B 1 ), riboflavin (vitamin B 2 ), niacin. Help your body release energy from food. Help your body release energy from food. Promote growth, appetite, and digestion. Promote growth, appetite, and digestion. Keep your nervous system healthy and prevent irritability. Keep your nervous system healthy and prevent irritability. Keep your skin healthy. Keep your skin healthy. Sources: Whole grains and enriched breads and cereals, leafy green vegetables, legumes, meat, milk, and eggs.

4. NameRecommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) a Dietary Sources Function Symptoms of Deficiency Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) 60 mgCitrus fruits, leafy vegetables, tomatoes, potatoes, cabbage Synthesis of collagen, amino acid metabolism Scurvy, bleeding gums, loosened teeth, swollen joints Vitamin B 1 (thiamine) 1.5 mg (1.1 mg) Whole grains, organ meats, legumes, nuts, pork Coenzyme in carbohydrate metabolism Beriberi, heart failure, mental disturbances Vitamin B 2 (riboflavin) 1.7 mg (1.3 mg) Milk, eggs, liver, leafy vegetables; synthesized by bacteria in the gut Coenzyme in oxidation reactions Fissures of the skin, visual disturbances, anemia Niacin (nicotinic acid) 19 mg (14 mg) Yeast, liver, lean meat, fish, whole grains, eggs, peanuts NAD, NADP, coenzymes in redox reactions Pellegra, skin lesions, diarrhea, dementia Water-soluble Vitamins Required in Human Nutrition

5. History of the Vitamins VitaminDiscoveryIsolationStructure Elucidated Synthesis Vitamin A19091931 1947 Provitamin A-193119301950 Vitamin D1918193219361959 Vitamin E192219361938 Vitamin K19291939 Vitamin B 1 189719261936 Vitamin B 2 192019331935 Niacin1935193619371941 Vitamin B 6 19341938 1939 Vitamin B 12 1926194819561972 Folic acid1941 1946 Panthothenic acid193119381940 Biotin1931193519421943 Vitamin C191219281933

6. Vitamin B 1

7. VitaminDeficiency symptoms CoenzymeReaction catalyzed B 1, thiamineBeri-beri, polyneuritis Thiamin pyrophosphateCleavage or formation of carbon- carbon bonds adjacent to carbonyl carbon atoms B 2, riboflavinDermatitis, impaired growth and reproduction Flavin mononucleotide (FMN); flavin ardenine dinucleotide (FAD) Oxidation-reductions including hydride anion transfer, one electron transfer Nicotinic acidPellagra, dermatitis, black tongue (in dogs) Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD + ); nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP + ) Oxidation-reductions involving hydride anion transfer Pantothenic acid Neurological problems Coenzyme ATransfer of acyl groups B 6, pyridoxineNeurological disorders, dermatitis Pyrodoxal phospateTransamination, decarboxylation, racemization BiotinNone demonstrated in absence of avidin; with avidin, dermatitis Biotin carboxyl-carrier proteinCarboxylation, transcarboxylation Folic acidAnemiaTetrahydrofolic acidTransfer of one-carbon units Vitamin B 12 Pernicious anemiaCoenzyme B 12 Rearrangements Coenzyme vitamins

8. Name Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) a Dietary SourcesFunctionSymptoms of Deficiency Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) 60 mgCitrus fruits, leafy vegetables, tomatoes, potatoes, cabbage Synthesis of collagen, amino acid metabolism Scurvy, bleeding gums, loosened teeth, swollen joints Vitamin B 1 (thiamine) 1.5 mg (1.1 mg) Whole grains, organ meats, legumes, nuts, pork Coenzyme in carbohydrate metabolism Beriberi, heart failure, mental disturbances Vitamin B 2 (riboflavin) 1.7 mg (1.3 mg) Milk, eggs, liver, leafy vegetables; synthesized by bacteria in the gut Coenzyme in oxidation reactions Fissures of the skin, visual disturbances, anemia Niacin (nicotinic acid) 19 mg (14 mg) Yeast, liver, lean meat, fish, whole grains, eggs, peanuts NAD, NADP, coenzymes in redox reactions Pellegra, skin lesions, diarrhea, dementia Water-soluble Vitamins Required in Human Nutrition

9. History of the Vitamins VitaminDiscoveryIsolationStructure Elucidated Synthesis Vitamin A19091931 1947 Provitamin A-193119301950 Vitamin D1918193219361959 Vitamin E192219361938 Vitamin K19291939 Vitamin B 1 189719261936 Vitamin B 2 192019331935 Niacin1935193619371941 Vitamin B 6 19341938 1939 Vitamin B 12 1926194819561972 Folic acid1941 1946 Panthothenic acid193119381940 Biotin1931193519421943 Vitamin C191219281933

10. Vitamin B 2

11. VitaminDeficiency symptoms CoenzymeReaction catalyzed B 1, thiamineBeri-beri, polyneuritis Thiamin pyrophosphateCleavage or formation of carbon- carbon bonds adjacent to carbonyl carbon atoms B 2, riboflavinDermatitis, impaired growth and reproduction Flavin mononucleotide (FMN); flavin ardenine dinucleotide (FAD) Oxidation-reductions including hydride anion transfer, one electron transfer Nicotinic acidPellagra, dermatitis, black tongue (in dogs) Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD + ); nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP + ) Oxidation-reductions involving hydride anion transfer Pantothenic acid Neurological problems Coenzyme ATransfer of acyl groups B 6, pyridoxineNeurological disorders, dermatitis Pyrodoxal phospateTransamination, decarboxylation, racemization BiotinNone demonstrated in absence of avidin; with avidin, dermatitis Biotin carboxyl-carrier proteinCarboxylation, transcarboxylation Folic acidAnemiaTetrahydrofolic acidTransfer of one-carbon units Vitamin B 12 Pernicious anemiaCoenzyme B 12 Rearrangements Coenzyme vitamins

12. Name Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) a Dietary SourcesFunctionSymptoms of Deficiency Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) 60 mgCitrus fruits, leafy vegetables, tomatoes, potatoes, cabbage Synthesis of collagen, amino acid metabolism Scurvy, bleeding gums, loosened teeth, swollen joints Vitamin B 1 (thiamine) 1.5 mg (1.1 mg) Whole grains, organ meats, legumes, nuts, pork Coenzyme in carbohydrate metabolism Beriberi, heart failure, mental disturbances Vitamin B 2 (riboflavin) 1.7 mg (1.3 mg) Milk, eggs, liver, leafy vegetables; synthesized by bacteria in the gut Coenzyme in oxidation reactions Fissures of the skin, visual disturbances, anemia Niacin (nicotinic acid) 19 mg (14 mg) Yeast, liver, lean meat, fish, whole grains, eggs, peanuts NAD, NADP, coenzymes in redox reactions Pellegra, skin lesions, diarrhea, dementia Water-soluble Vitamins Required in Human Nutrition

13. History of the Vitamins VitaminDiscoveryIsolationStructure Elucidated Synthesis Vitamin A19091931 1947 Provitamin A-193119301950 Vitamin D1918193219361959 Vitamin E192219361938 Vitamin K19291939 Vitamin B 1 189719261936 Vitamin B 2 192019331935 Niacin1935193619371941 Vitamin B 6 19341938 1939 Vitamin B 12 1926194819561972 Folic acid1941 1946 Panthothenic acid193119381940 Biotin1931193519421943 Vitamin C191219281933

14. Niacin

15. VitaminDeficiency symptoms CoenzymeReaction catalyzed B 1, thiamineBeri-beri, polyneuritis Thiamin pyrophosphateCleavage or formation of carbon- carbon bonds adjacent to carbonyl carbon atoms B 2, riboflavinDermatitis, impaired growth and reproduction Flavin mononucleotide (FMN); flavin ardenine dinucleotide (FAD) Oxidation-reductions including hydride anion transfer, one electron transfer Nicotinic acidPellagra, dermatitis, black tongue (in dogs) Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD + ); nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP + ) Oxidation-reductions involving hydride anion transfer Pantothenic acid Neurological problems Coenzyme ATransfer of acyl groups B 6, pyridoxineNeurological disorders, dermatitis Pyrodoxal phospateTransamination, decarboxylation, racemization BiotinNone demonstrated in absence of avidin; with avidin, dermatitis Biotin carboxyl-carrier proteinCarboxylation, transcarboxylation Folic acidAnemiaTetrahydrofolic acidTransfer of one-carbon units Vitamin B 12 Pernicious anemiaCoenzyme B 12 Rearrangements Coenzyme vitamins

16. Name Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) a Dietary SourcesFunctionSymptoms of Deficiency Vitamin B 6 (pyridoxine) 2.2 mg (2.0 mg) Whole grains, glandular meats, milk, eggs Coenzyme for amino acid and fatty acid metabolism Convulsions in infants, skin disorders in adults Vitamin B 12 (cyanocobalamin) 3  g Liver, brain, kidney; synthesized by bacteria in the gut Coenzymes in nucleic acid, amino acid, and fatty acid metabolism Pernicious anemia, retarded growth Pantothenic acid4-7 mg b Yeast, meats, whole grains, legumes, milk, vegetables, fruits Forms part of coenzyme-A (CoA) Neuromotor, digestive, and cardiovascular disorders Folacin C (folic acid) 0.4 mgYeast, leafy vegetables, liver, fruits, wheat germ Coenzymes in nucleic acid and amino acid metabolism Anemia, inhibition of cell division, digestive disorders Biotin0.1-0.2 mg b Liver, egg yolk, legumes; Synthesized by bacteria int he gut Part of enzymes important in carbohydrate and fat metabolism Skin disorders, anorexia, mental depression Water-soluble Vitamins Required in Human Nutrition

17. History of the Vitamins VitaminDiscoveryIsolationStructure Elucidated Synthesis Vitamin A19091931 1947 Provitamin A-193119301950 Vitamin D1918193219361959 Vitamin E192219361938 Vitamin K19291939 Vitamin B 1 189719261936 Vitamin B 2 192019331935 Niacin1935193619371941 Vitamin B 6 19341938 1939 Vitamin B 12 1926194819561972 Folic acid1941 1946 Panthothenic acid193119381940 Biotin1931193519421943 Vitamin C191219281933

18. Vitamin B 6

19. VitaminDeficiency symptoms CoenzymeReaction catalyzed B 1, thiamineBeri-beri, polyneuritis Thiamin pyrophosphateCleavage or formation of carbon- carbon bonds adjacent to carbonyl carbon atoms B 2, riboflavinDermatitis, impaired growth and reproduction Flavin mononucleotide (FMN); flavin ardenine dinucleotide (FAD) Oxidation-reductions including hydride anion transfer, one electron transfer Nicotinic acidPellagra, dermatitis, black tongue (in dogs) Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD + ); nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP + ) Oxidation-reductions involving hydride anion transfer Pantothenic acid Neurological problems Coenzyme ATransfer of acyl groups B 6, pyridoxineNeurological disorders, dermatitis Pyrodoxal phospateTransamination, decarboxylation, racemization BiotinNone demonstrated in absence of avidin; with avidin, dermatitis Biotin carboxyl-carrier proteinCarboxylation, transcarboxylation Folic acidAnemiaTetrahydrofolic acidTransfer of one-carbon units Vitamin B 12 Pernicious anemiaCoenzyme B 12 Rearrangements Coenzyme vitamins

20. Name Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) a Dietary SourcesFunctionSymptoms of Deficiency Vitamin B 6 (pyridoxine) 2.2 mg (2.0 mg) Whole grains, glandular meats, milk, eggs Coenzyme for amino acid and fatty acid metabolism Convulsions in infants, skin disorders in adults Vitamin B 12 (cyanocobalamin) 3  g Liver, brain, kidney; synthesized by bacteria in the gut Coenzymes in nucleic acid, amino acid, and fatty acid metabolism Pernicious anemia, retarded growth Pantothenic acid4-7 mg b Yeast, meats, whole grains, legumes, milk, vegetables, fruits Forms part of coenzyme-A (CoA) Neuromotor, digestive, and cardiovascular disorders Folacin C (folic acid) 0.4 mgYeast, leafy vegetables, liver, fruits, wheat germ Coenzymes in nucleic acid and amino acid metabolism Anemia, inhibition of cell division, digestive disorders Biotin0.1-0.2 mg b Liver, egg yolk, legumes; Synthesized by bacteria int he gut Part of enzymes important in carbohydrate and fat metabolism Skin disorders, anorexia, mental depression Water-soluble Vitamins Required in Human Nutrition

21. History of the Vitamins VitaminDiscoveryIsolationStructure Elucidated Synthesis Vitamin A19091931 1947 Provitamin A-193119301950 Vitamin D1918193219361959 Vitamin E192219361938 Vitamin K19291939 Vitamin B 1 189719261936 Vitamin B 2 192019331935 Niacin1935193619371941 Vitamin B 6 19341938 1939 Vitamin B 12 1926194819561972 Folic acid1941 1946 Panthothenic acid193119381940 Biotin1931193519421943 Vitamin C191219281933

22. Pantothenic acid

23. VitaminDeficiency symptoms CoenzymeReaction catalyzed B 1, thiamineBeri-beri, polyneuritis Thiamin pyrophosphateCleavage or formation of carbon- carbon bonds adjacent to carbonyl carbon atoms B 2, riboflavinDermatitis, impaired growth and reproduction Flavin mononucleotide (FMN); flavin ardenine dinucleotide (FAD) Oxidation-reductions including hydride anion transfer, one electron transfer Nicotinic acidPellagra, dermatitis, black tongue (in dogs) Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD + ); nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP + ) Oxidation-reductions involving hydride anion transfer Pantothenic acid Neurological problems Coenzyme ATransfer of acyl groups B 6, pyridoxineNeurological disorders, dermatitis Pyrodoxal phospateTransamination, decarboxylation, racemization BiotinNone demonstrated in absence of avidin; with avidin, dermatitis Biotin carboxyl-carrier proteinCarboxylation, transcarboxylation Folic acidAnemiaTetrahydrofolic acidTransfer of one-carbon units Vitamin B 12 Pernicious anemiaCoenzyme B 12 Rearrangements Coenzyme vitamins

24. Name Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) a Dietary SourcesFunctionSymptoms of Deficiency Vitamin B 6 (pyridoxine) 2.2 mg (2.0 mg) Whole grains, glandular meats, milk, eggs Coenzyme for amino acid and fatty acid metabolism Convulsions in infants, skin disorders in adults Vitamin B 12 (cyanocobalamin) 3  g Liver, brain, kidney; synthesized by bacteria in the gut Coenzymes in nucleic acid, amino acid, and fatty acid metabolism Pernicious anemia, retarded growth Pantothenic acid4-7 mg b Yeast, meats, whole grains, legumes, milk, vegetables, fruits Forms part of coenzyme-A (CoA) Neuromotor, digestive, and cardiovascular disorders Folacin C (folic acid) 0.4 mgYeast, leafy vegetables, liver, fruits, wheat germ Coenzymes in nucleic acid and amino acid metabolism Anemia, inhibition of cell division, digestive disorders Biotin0.1-0.2 mg b Liver, egg yolk, legumes; Synthesized by bacteria int he gut Part of enzymes important in carbohydrate and fat metabolism Skin disorders, anorexia, mental depression Water-soluble Vitamins Required in Human Nutrition

25. History of the Vitamins VitaminDiscoveryIsolationStructure Elucidated Synthesis Vitamin A19091931 1947 Provitamin A-193119301950 Vitamin D1918193219361959 Vitamin E192219361938 Vitamin K19291939 Vitamin B 1 189719261936 Vitamin B 2 192019331935 Niacin1935193619371941 Vitamin B 6 19341938 1939 Vitamin B 12 1926194819561972 Folic acid1941 1946 Panthothenic acid193119381940 Biotin1931193519421943 Vitamin C191219281933

26. Folic acid

27. PABA

28. VitaminDeficiency symptoms CoenzymeReaction catalyzed B 1, thiamineBeri-beri, polyneuritis Thiamin pyrophosphateCleavage or formation of carbon- carbon bonds adjacent to carbonyl carbon atoms B 2, riboflavinDermatitis, impaired growth and reproduction Flavin mononucleotide (FMN); flavin ardenine dinucleotide (FAD) Oxidation-reductions including hydride anion transfer, one electron transfer Nicotinic acidPellagra, dermatitis, black tongue (in dogs) Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD + ); nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP + ) Oxidation-reductions involving hydride anion transfer Pantothenic acid Neurological problems Coenzyme ATransfer of acyl groups B 6, pyridoxineNeurological disorders, dermatitis Pyrodoxal phospateTransamination, decarboxylation, racemization BiotinNone demonstrated in absence of avidin; with avidin, dermatitis Biotin carboxyl-carrier proteinCarboxylation, transcarboxylation Folic acidAnemiaTetrahydrofolic acidTransfer of one-carbon units Vitamin B 12 Pernicious anemiaCoenzyme B 12 Rearrangements Coenzyme vitamins

29. Name Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) a Dietary SourcesFunctionSymptoms of Deficiency Vitamin B 6 (pyridoxine) 2.2 mg (2.0 mg) Whole grains, glandular meats, milk, eggs Coenzyme for amino acid and fatty acid metabolism Convulsions in infants, skin disorders in adults Vitamin B 12 (cyanocobalamin) 3  g Liver, brain, kidney; synthesized by bacteria in the gut Coenzymes in nucleic acid, amino acid, and fatty acid metabolism Pernicious anemia, retarded growth Pantothenic acid4-7 mg b Yeast, meats, whole grains, legumes, milk, vegetables, fruits Forms part of coenzyme-A (CoA) Neuromotor, digestive, and cardiovascular disorders Folacin C (folic acid) 0.4 mgYeast, leafy vegetables, liver, fruits, wheat germ Coenzymes in nucleic acid and amino acid metabolism Anemia, inhibition of cell division, digestive disorders Biotin0.1-0.2 mg b Liver, egg yolk, legumes; Synthesized by bacteria int he gut Part of enzymes important in carbohydrate and fat metabolism Skin disorders, anorexia, mental depression Water-soluble Vitamins Required in Human Nutrition

30. History of the Vitamins VitaminDiscoveryIsolationStructure Elucidated Synthesis Vitamin A19091931 1947 Provitamin A-193119301950 Vitamin D1918193219361959 Vitamin E192219361938 Vitamin K19291939 Vitamin B 1 189719261936 Vitamin B 2 192019331935 Niacin1935193619371941 Vitamin B 6 19341938 1939 Vitamin B 12 1926194819561972 Folic acid1941 1946 Panthothenic acid193119381940 Biotin1931193519421943 Vitamin C191219281933

31. Biotin

32. VitaminDeficiency symptoms CoenzymeReaction catalyzed B 1, thiamineBeri-beri, polyneuritis Thiamin pyrophosphateCleavage or formation of carbon- carbon bonds adjacent to carbonyl carbon atoms B 2, riboflavinDermatitis, impaired growth and reproduction Flavin mononucleotide (FMN); flavin ardenine dinucleotide (FAD) Oxidation-reductions including hydride anion transfer, one electron transfer Nicotinic acidPellagra, dermatitis, black tongue (in dogs) Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD + ); nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP + ) Oxidation-reductions involving hydride anion transfer Pantothenic acid Neurological problems Coenzyme ATransfer of acyl groups B 6, pyridoxineNeurological disorders, dermatitis Pyrodoxal phospateTransamination, decarboxylation, racemization BiotinNone demonstrated in absence of avidin; with avidin, dermatitis Biotin carboxyl-carrier proteinCarboxylation, transcarboxylation Folic acidAnemiaTetrahydrofolic acidTransfer of one-carbon units Vitamin B 12 Pernicious anemiaCoenzyme B 12 Rearrangements Coenzyme vitamins

33. Biotin: Vitamin H

34. Name Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) a Dietary SourcesFunctionSymptoms of Deficiency Vitamin B 6 (pyridoxine) 2.2 mg (2.0 mg) Whole grains, glandular meats, milk, eggs Coenzyme for amino acid and fatty acid metabolism Convulsions in infants, skin disorders in adults Vitamin B 12 (cyanocobalamin) 3  g Liver, brain, kidney; synthesized by bacteria in the gut Coenzymes in nucleic acid, amino acid, and fatty acid metabolism Pernicious anemia, retarded growth Pantothenic acid4-7 mg b Yeast, meats, whole grains, legumes, milk, vegetables, fruits Forms part of coenzyme-A (CoA) Neuromotor, digestive, and cardiovascular disorders Folacin C (folic acid) 0.4 mgYeast, leafy vegetables, liver, fruits, wheat germ Coenzymes in nucleic acid and amino acid metabolism Anemia, inhibition of cell division, digestive disorders Biotin0.1-0.2 mg b Liver, egg yolk, legumes; Synthesized by bacteria int he gut Part of enzymes important in carbohydrate and fat metabolism Skin disorders, anorexia, mental depression Water-soluble Vitamins Required in Human Nutrition

35. History of the Vitamins VitaminDiscoveryIsolationStructure Elucidated Synthesis Vitamin A19091931 1947 Provitamin A-193119301950 Vitamin D1918193219361959 Vitamin E192219361938 Vitamin K19291939 Vitamin B 1 189719261936 Vitamin B 2 192019331935 Niacin1935193619371941 Vitamin B 6 19341938 1939 Vitamin B 12 1926194819561972 Folic acid1941 1946 Panthothenic acid193119381940 Biotin1931193519421943 Vitamin C191219281933

36. corin nucleus benzylimidazole cobalt coordinated Vitamin B 12

38. VitaminDeficiency symptoms CoenzymeReaction catalyzed B 1, thiamineBeri-beri, polyneuritis Thiamin pyrophosphateCleavage or formation of carbon- carbon bonds adjacent to carbonyl carbon atoms B 2, riboflavinDermatitis, impaired growth and reproduction Flavin mononucleotide (FMN); flavin ardenine dinucleotide (FAD) Oxidation-reductions including hydride anion transfer, one electron transfer Nicotinic acidPellagra, dermatitis, black tongue (in dogs) Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD + ); nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP + ) Oxidation-reductions involving hydride anion transfer Pantothenic acid Neurological problems Coenzyme ATransfer of acyl groups B 6, pyridoxineNeurological disorders, dermatitis Pyrodoxal phospateTransamination, decarboxylation, racemization BiotinNone demonstrated in absence of avidin; with avidin, dermatitis Biotin carboxyl-carrier proteinCarboxylation, transcarboxylation Folic acidAnemiaTetrahydrofolic acidTransfer of one-carbon units Vitamin B 12 Pernicious anemiaCoenzyme B 12 Rearrangements Coenzyme vitamins

39. Vitamin C Helps produce a substance that holds body cells together. Helps produce a substance that holds body cells together. Helps broken bones mend and wounds heal. Helps broken bones mend and wounds heal. Strengthens the walls of blood vessels. Strengthens the walls of blood vessels. Helps your body use some other nutrients. Helps your body use some other nutrients. Helps you resist infections and maintain healthy gums, skin, and teeth. Helps you resist infections and maintain healthy gums, skin, and teeth. Sources: Many fruits and vegetables such as citrus fruits, cantaloupe, strawberries, broccoli, and tomatoes.

40. Name Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) a Dietary SourcesFunctionSymptoms of Deficiency Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) 60 mgCitrus fruits, leafy vegetables, tomatoes, potatoes, cabbage Synthesis of collagen, amino acid metabolism Scurvy, bleeding gums, loosened teeth, swollen joints Vitamin B 1 (thiamine) 1.5 mg (1.1 mg) Whole grains, organ meats, legumes, nuts, pork Coenzyme in carbohydrate metabolism Beriberi, heart failure, mental disturbances Vitamin B 2 (riboflavin) 1.7 mg (1.3 mg) Milk, eggs, liver, leafy vegetables; synthesized by bacteria in the gut Coenzyme in oxidation reactions Fissures of the skin, visual disturbances, anemia Niacin (nicotinic acid) 19 mg (14 mg) Yeast, liver, lean meat, fish, whole grains, eggs, peanuts NAD, NADP, coenzymes in redox reactions Pellegra, skin lesions, diarrhea, dementia Water-soluble Vitamins Required in Human Nutrition

41. History of the Vitamins VitaminDiscoveryIsolationStructure Elucidated Synthesis Vitamin A19091931 1947 Provitamin A-193119301950 Vitamin D1918193219361959 Vitamin E192219361938 Vitamin K19291939 Vitamin B 1 189719261936 Vitamin B 2 192019331935 Niacin1935193619371941 Vitamin B 6 19341938 1939 Vitamin B 12 1926194819561972 Folic acid1941 1946 Panthothenic acid193119381940 Biotin1931193519421943 Vitamin C191219281933

42. Vitamin C

43. Periods in Vitamin Research

44. Vitamin E *Chain-breaking antioxidant Fat-soluble*Free radical scavenger phase*Singlet oxygen quencher *Efficient at high oxygen pressure Beta-carotene*Singlet oxygen quencher Fat-soluble*Chain-breaking antioxidant phase*Free radical scavenger *Efficient at low oxygen pressure Vitamin C *Free radical scavenger Water-soluble*Singlet oxygen quencher phase *Regeneration of vitamin E Antioxidant Functions