1. Office of Overseas Programming & Training Support (OPATS) Agriculture Advanced Concepts in Food Security

2. Session Learning Objectives 1.During a review game and mini-lecture discussions, participants will correctly identify the four dimensions of food security and the related terms: hunger, malnutrition, poverty, and vulnerability and resilience. 2.Using the IFPRI Food and Nutrition Security Framework, participants will compare and contrast different factors that influence food and nutrition security, as well as shocks and stresses that can impact these, and identify at least two interventions that a Volunteer might implement to improve food and nutrition security and promote community, household, and individual resilience. 3.Using PACA tools and interview/survey questions, participants will make a preliminary assessment of food security, vulnerability, and resilience in a community.

3. Supply of food—this is determined by the production, stock, and trade of food. Sources of supply: Production Imports Food aid (donations) What influences supply? Public expenditure on agricultural R&D Agricultural infrastructure Agricultural production volatility Political stability Just because food is available does not mean that the food insecure can access it. The poor often lack financial means to purchase food in addition to what has been grown. Market development and market access for producers and consumers Presence of social safety nets in transitory insecurity Access to farmer financing Government commitment to market- based farming Income generation/employment availability Having “food” is not enough to create food security. Preparing, cooking, storing, and choosing a diversity of staple and complementary foods completes the security. Diet diversification Using available foods properly (basic food group). Understanding needs vary across families according to age and sex Micronutrient availability In order to maintain food security household must be able to reduce risk and anticipate ups and downs in supply through planning and saving. Bad weather conditions, political instability, loss of employment, increased or increasing food prices can all increase vulnerability. Government level stock management Targeting programming to the most vulnerable groups Developing resilience Community planning Availability Affordability and financial Access Resilience and Stability Utilization Nutritional Quality and Family use of Food Food Security Dimensions of Food Security

4. What is Hunger?  Uncomfortable or painful sensation caused by insufficient food energy consumption.  Scientifically, hunger is referred to as food deprivation.  The want or scarcity of food in a country.  A strong desire or craving. Oxford English Dictionary, 1971

5. FAO’s Measure of Hunger  Undernourishment: The proportion of the population whose dietary energy consumption is less than a pre-determined threshold.  Hunger and undernourishment are often used interchangeably.

6. Worldwide Hunger Statistics  870 million people in the world were chronically undernourished from 2010-2012.  98 percent of hungry people are in developing countries.  If women farmers had the same access to resources, the number of hungry people could be reduced by ~150 million. WFP as source, http://www.wfp.org/hunger/statsnote

7. Questions for Discussion  Are all hungry people food insecure?  Are all food insecure people hungry?  Why? Why not?

8. Hunger and Food Security Food Insecure Hungry

9. Malnutrition & Food Insecurity  Closely related, but distinct.  Malnutrition: A condition resulting from deficiencies, excesses, or imbalances in the consumption of macro- and/or micro- nutrients.

10. Consequences of Malnutrition  Poor infant and child development (physical, immune system, and cognitive).  Excess morbidity and mortality for children and adults.

11. Nutritional Status Determinants  Quantity and quality of foods consumed.  Diet, care and feeding, and health status.  Non-food factors: poor care practices, poor health services, unhealthy environment.

12. Global Malnutrition  Largest risk factor for burden of disease in developing countries.  Malnutrition responsible for 45 percent of U5 deaths.  In 2010, >100 million children were underweight.  Children in poorest households 2X as likely to be underweight compared to least poor.  Micronutrient deficiencies affect > 30 percent of global population.

13. Malnutrition and Food Security -People may be temporarily food insecure and experiencing hunger but not yet malnourished -Includes people who are at risk for future food insecurity but not yet hungry or malnourished MalnutritionFood Insecurity

14. How Do You Define Poverty?  Encompasses different dimensions of deprivation.  Average daily income of $1.25 or less.  Living on the edge of subsistence. FAO Food Security Concepts and Frameworks http://www.foodsec.org

15. Other Definitions of Poverty  1.2 billion people remain below the extreme poverty line with an income of < $1.25/day.  2.4 billion people live on < $2.00/day, the average poverty line in developing countries. http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/poverty

16. Food Insecurity and Poverty  Deeply interrelated phenomena.  Any attempt to define, measure, or combat them requires that the relationship between them should be explicitly taken into account.

17. A Vicious Cycle - Food Insecurity, Hunger, Malnutrition and Poverty Poverty Food insecurity, hunger, and malnutrition Poor physical and cognitive development Low productivity

18. Defining Vulnerability  Defined in terms of the following three critical dimensions: – Vulnerability to an outcome; – From a variety of risk factors; – Because of an inability to manage those risks.  Vulnerability is often measured in terms of low, medium, high, and extreme risk to an outcome.

19. Example: If a household lives outside a flood plain, exposure to flooding is low. If they live on the flood plain, but they have the ability to cope with the hazard, then the risk may still be low, compared to others who have no capacity to cope.

20. Resilience  General definition: Ability to cope with external stresses and disturbances resulting from social, political, and environmental change.  Food security resilience: Ability of a household to keep within a certain level of well-being by withstanding shocks and stresses. “Resilience in USAID”. May 14, 2013. Greg Collins, Food Security Advisor. [ FAO Food Security E-Learning Series: Food Security Concepts and Frameworks

21. Food Security Resilience  Depends on livelihood options, managing risk, health status, and more.  Addresses household ability to reduce risk of food insecurity and ability to cope with shocks/stresses. FAO Food Security Concepts and Frameworks

22. A Food Secure Family:  Does not live in hunger or fear of hunger.  Requires a reliable, consistent source of quality food and sufficient resources to purchase it.  Must have knowledge and basic sanitary conditions to choose, prepare, and distribute food in a way that results in good nutrition for all family members.  Has the ability to access and utilize food in a stable and sustainable manner. Adapted from Feed the Future 2012 Scorecard

23. IFPRI Food Security Conceptual Framework 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 8 9 9 10