1. AMERICA AND THE WORLD, 1921-1945 America: Past and Present Chapter 27

2.  1920-- USA remains isolationist  1930s--conflict brewed in Europe and Asia, the United States’ commitment to isolationism grew deeper  1941 --Nazism and Japanese imperialism forced foreign policy reversal; entrance into WW2

3.  By end of World War II, US remained highly involved in world affairs  Assumed a leading role in maintaining world order.

4. Kellogg-Briand Pact 1927  Pact for world peace  French foreign minister Aristide Briand  US Sec. of State Frank Kellogg ( Coolidge)  By August 1928, almost every nation had renounced war as instrument of national policy. –Outlawed war, not aggression –No enforcement provisions

5. Cooperation in Latin America  United States active, continuing to seek economic advantages.  Coolidge, Hoover, FDR substitute cooperation for military coercion  U.S. continues political, economic domination of Latin America

6. Rivalry in Asia  Despite the Open Door Policy, Japan expands in China, other areas of Asia  Needs natural resources to sustain developing industrial society  1920--Japanese occupy Korea, parts of Manchuria  U.S. Open Door policy blocks Japanese dominance of China  Oppose Japanese expansion

8. Washington Conference 1921  Nine Power Treaty reaffirm sovereignty of China uphold the Open Door Policy  Four Power Treaty US,UK, Japan, France acknowledge possessions in the Pacific  No enforcement provisions in any of the pacts.  Pledge of peace last less than decade

9. Isolationism  Depression shifts focus to domestic affairs; isolationist policy in the 1930s  Rise of militaristic regimes threatens war Germany Italy Japan

10. Tripartite Pact—Sept 1940  1937, three powers allied as Axis Powers, posed threat to Europe and world –Germany, Japan, Italy –US continued isolationist policies  Germany: Hitler rises to power 1933  Head of Nationalist Socialist movement-- NAZI

11. The Lure of Pacifism and Neutrality  Most Americans resolved against another meaningless war  1935--Senator Gerald Nye leads passage of neutrality legislation  U.S. trade with nations at war prohibited – U.S. loans to nations at war prohibited  1937--Japan invades China  FDR permits sale of arms to China

12. NYE Committee Neutrality Acts Three Acts  1935 banned sale of arms to nations at war; –Warned Americans not to sail on belligerent ships  1936 - Ban on loans –Made prohibitions permanent and required on a 2 year trial basis  1937 - All trade other than arms is on a cash and carry basis

13. Hitler’s Rise to Power  Capitalized on discontent and bitterness over WWI –blamed Jews for Germany’s ills, asserts supremacy of Aryan race – blonde, blue eyes  Totalitarian regime  Nazi party ruled, and Furher supreme  Denounced the Treaty of Versailles; reoccupied Rhineland  Unite all Germans into greater Third Reich lasting 1000 years  Italy: Benito Mussolini -- 1922  Joseph Stalin– 1938  http://www.youtube.com/wat ch?v=9CFWH4Fhkak http://www.youtube.com/wat ch?v=9CFWH4Fhkak

14. The Re-Militarization of the Rhineland-- 1936 In violation of the Treaty of Versailles, Hitler re-arms the Rhineland Early attempts of the Nazification of Europe France and Britain—already removed troops by 1930

15. Austria March 1938 -- seized Austria in a bloodless coup Reclaiming “living space” for Germans Lebensraum

16. Czechoslovakia September 1938 -- a German populated province of Czechoslovakia; Six months later almost all of Czech. FDR presses for neutrality revision regarding cash and carry only for arms

17. Poland  September 1 1939 Hitler began WWI by invading Poland.  England and France responded 2 days later by declaring war but could not prevent German conquest of Poland  German went on unrestricted – both fronts and Russians rewarded with a generous piece of Poland.  FDR has to reconsider neutrality position – can no longer remain isolationist  American well-being could not depend on Balance of Power in Europe

20.  (Re-armament/rebuilding)  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O-kCGGlNgLY http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O-kCGGlNgLY  (Hitler Youth)  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WVUAIPMsZ60&feature=relmfu http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WVUAIPMsZ60&feature=relmfu

26. Nazi Camps  Not to punish crime; holding political prisoners,  Systematic killing of the prisoners delivered there.  Survival in camps less than hours after arrival for “unfit”  “Work Camps”  “Final Solution”  Initial extermination method of shooting people in burial pits proved logistically; psychologically inefficient  1941--established camps specifically for mass extermination via gas chambers.  Logistics arrived at by Wannsee Conference (1942); Adolf Eichmann overseer

28.  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=joY9 wI24OTM http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=joY9 wI24OTM ** WARNING** Graphic Images!!!

30. From Neutrality to Undeclared War  1939-41--FDR seeks help for England without actually entering the war  November, 1939--belligerents may buy U.S. goods on "cash and carry" basis  1940--German occupation of France

31. From Neutrality to Undeclared War: Increased Aid to England  U.S. gives or loans war supplies; ships transport war supplies  Consensus --Nazi victory in Europe would threaten western civilization  Lend-lease Program 1941 ended the pretense of the neutrality of the United States US supplied UK, allies with war materials in exchange for bases in Canada & Carribean

32. Showdown in the Pacific: Pearl Harbor  Japan’s demands – free hand in China – restoration of normal trade relations  U.S. demands Japanese troops out of China  December 7, 1941--Pearl Harbor attacked  December 8--War declared

33. Checking Japan in the Pacific  Two-pronged drive against Japan – Douglas MacArthur leads drive through New Guinea to the Philippines – Chester Nimitz leads navy westward from Pearl Harbor to the Philippines  June, 1942--victory at Midway launches advance into Japanese-held territories

34. Triumph and Tragedy in the Pacific  June 21, 1945--U.S. capture Okinawa, complete control of Pacific  May-August-- intense air attacks on Japan  August 6--atom bomb destroys Hiroshima  August 9--atom bomb destroys Nagasaki  August 14--Japan surrenders

35. Pearl Harbor http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2pPNN 7mLm8E

36. World War II in the Pacific

37. Halting the German Blitz  November 1942--U.S. invades North Africa  May 1943--U.S., England invade Italy Mussolini falls from power slow advance up the Italian peninsula  Summer, 1943--Battle of Stalingrad Russia defeats Germans begins advance into eastern Europe

38. The Home Front  War ends depression  Economy geared for military output  Automobile factories converted to tank and airplane production  Women moved into the workplace  Demographic shifts

39. A Nation on the Move  Wartime migration South and West  Early marriages, increased birth rates  Family-related social problems – housing shortages – more divorces – neglected children

40. Japanese Internment  120,000 Japanese moved from the West Coast to detention camps  1944--Supreme Court rejects appeal for release  1988--Congress votes indemnity of $1.2 billion for survivors  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_OiPldKsM5w&fea ture=fvw http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_OiPldKsM5w&fea ture=fvw  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PgmbOh9zJLY&fe ature=fvw http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PgmbOh9zJLY&fe ature=fvw

41. Japanese American Internment Camps

46. Victory  June 6, 1944-- Normandy Invasion  April 25, 1945--U.S., Russian forces meet at Torgau  May 7, 1945-- unconditional German surrender  http://www.youtube. com/watch?v=QJ_K hAiXPg0&NR=1 http://www.youtube. com/watch?v=QJ_K hAiXPg0&NR=1

47. Japan Surrenders  August 6, 7 1945 US drops atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki

48. Sept 2, 1945, aboard the US battleship Missouri

49. War Aims and Wartime Diplomacy  Russia claims eastern Europe as prize for conquest of Germany  U.S. seeks collective security arrangement including the United Nations  Yalta, Potsdam conferences clarify U.S., Soviet differences  April 12, 1945--FDR dies

50. FDR Remembered  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=411M rvRC2-0&feature=fvw http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=411M rvRC2-0&feature=fvw