1. 1 Municipal Solid Waste Recycling in Taiwan Shou-Chien Lee Recycling Fund Management Board, Environmental Protection Administration, R.O.C. (Taiwan)

2. Workshop on Policy Development for Green Productivity Promotion 2 10-13 March 2015, Taipei Workshop on Policy Development for Green Productivity Promotion 2 10-13 March 2015, Taipei Outline Introduction MSW Clearance and Treatment Extended Producer’s Responsibility Law in Taiwan Four-in-One Recycling Program Recycling Fund Management Fee Rates and Subsidy Rates Auditing and Certification Performance Conclusions

3. Workshop on Policy Development for Green Productivity Promotion 3 10-13 March 2015, Taipei Workshop on Policy Development for Green Productivity Promotion 3 10-13 March 2015, Taipei 3 臺灣人口數量及地理特性 Taiwan Demographic 總人口數： 2,320 萬人 Population: 23.2 million 總面積 : 36,000 km 2 Area: 36,000 square kilometers 98% of energy is imported. Natural resources deficient. Resource conservation and recycling is important for Taiwan’s sustainable development 背景說明 Introduction Taiwan 3

4. Workshop on Policy Development for Green Productivity Promotion 4 10-13 March 2015, Taipei MSW Clearance and Treatment 垃圾車 資源回收車 Garbage Truck Recyclable Collection Truck 可燃垃圾 Combustible Waste 焚化 ( 發電 ) Incineration 廚餘 Food Waste 巨大垃圾 Bulky Waste 公告應回收項目 RRW 一般回收項目 Other recyclable 養豬廚餘 Pig-feeding 堆肥廚餘 Composting 修復廠 Repairing 回收機構 Collector 養豬場 Pig Farm 堆肥場 Compost Plant 跳蚤市場 Flea Market 處理機構 Recycler 一般垃圾 General Waste 資源垃圾 Recyclable Waste 不可燃垃圾 Noncombustible Waste 掩埋 Landfill 家戶垃圾 Municipal Solid Waste

5. Workshop on Policy Development for Green Productivity Promotion 5 10-13 March 2015, Taipei 5 廚餘垃圾 Food Waste 5. 堆肥場 Composting Treatment 6. 社區家庭液肥 Composting Treatment 4. 養豬場 Pig Farm 2. 清潔隊 Municipal collection team 1. 家戶廚餘 Food Waste 3. 廚餘處理 Food Waste Treatment

6. Workshop on Policy Development for Green Productivity Promotion 6 10-13 March 2015, Taipei 6 巨大垃圾 Bulky Waste 4. 再生家具 Furniture 6. 跳蚤市場 Flea Market 5. 再生自行車 Bicycle 3. 修繕整理 Repairing 1. 廢家具 Waste Furniture 2. 廢自行車 Waste Bicycle

7. Workshop on Policy Development for Green Productivity Promotion 7 10-13 March 2015, Taipei 7 資源垃圾 Recyclable Waste 5. 處理廠 Recycler 3. 清潔隊 Municipal collection team 2. 回收點 Community Collection Spot 6. 再生料 Recycled Material 4. 回收商 Collector 1. 資源垃圾 Recyclable Waste

8. Workshop on Policy Development for Green Productivity Promotion 8 10-13 March 2015, Taipei 資源垃圾 Recyclable Waste 執行機關一般廢棄物應回收項目 Recyclable Waste Collected by Municipal Collection Team  紙 Paper  鐵 Steel  鋁 Aluminum  玻璃 Glass  塑膠 Plastic  光碟片 Disks  行動電話及其充電器 Cell Phone & Charger  應回收廢棄物 Regulated Recyclable Waste

9. Workshop on Policy Development for Green Productivity Promotion 9 10-13 March 2015, Taipei 公告應回收廢棄物 Regulated recyclable waste(RRW) 2. 鋁容器 Aluminum container 3. 玻璃容器 Glass container 4. 紙容器 Paper container 1. 鐵容器 Steel container Plastic container 5. 塑膠容器 Pesticide container 6. 農藥廢容器 General battery 7. 乾電池 Automobile\Motorcycle 8. 機動車輛 Tire Lead-acid battery Lubricant (deregulated starting 2011 9. 輪胎 11. 潤滑油 10. 鉛蓄電池 IT equipment 12. 資訊物品 Home appliance 13. 電子電器 Light bulbs/tubes 14. 照明光源 容器 Containers 物品 Objects

10. Workshop on Policy Development for Green Productivity Promotion 10 10-13 March 2015, Taipei Workshop on Policy Development for Green Productivity Promotion 10 10-13 March 2015, Taipei OECD defines Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) as an environmental policy approach in which a producer’s responsibility for a product is extended to the post- consumer stage of a product’s life cycle. Producers shoulder physical and financial responsibility of recycling post-consumer products in most EPR programs. In Taiwan, producers only need to pay recycling fees to EPA Taiwan. EPAT then uses the fees to subsidize collection and recycling. EPR Laws and RRW

11. Workshop on Policy Development for Green Productivity Promotion 11 10-13 March 2015, Taipei Workshop on Policy Development for Green Productivity Promotion 11 10-13 March 2015, Taipei Article 15 of Waste Disposal Act Manufacture or importer of the articles and the packaging and containers thereof, or the manufacturer or importers of the raw materials shall bear responsibility for collection and recycling. (Extended Producer’s Responsibility) Sellers shall bear the responsibility of collection. EPR Laws and RRW

12. Workshop on Policy Development for Green Productivity Promotion 12 10-13 March 2015, Taipei Workshop on Policy Development for Green Productivity Promotion 12 10-13 March 2015, Taipei Article 16: Responsible producers should register with EPAT. Responsible producers should pay recycling fees to EPAT based on the quantities sold/imported to the national market, and the fee rates decided by EPAT. Recycling fees are deposited into recycling funds in banks. EPAT shall establish Recycling Fee Rate Review Committee to review fee rates based on materials, volumes, weights, impacts on the environment, recycling or reuse values, collection, clearance, and recycling costs, collection and recycling ratios, auditing and certification costs, fund financial conditions, monetary amounts of recycling incentives, and other relevant factors. EPR Laws and RRW

13. Workshop on Policy Development for Green Productivity Promotion 13 10-13 March 2015, Taipei Workshop on Policy Development for Green Productivity Promotion 13 10-13 March 2015, Taipei Article 19: Producers designated by EPAT shall mark articles or the packaging and containers thereof with recycling labels. Sellers designated by EPAT shall install collection facilities and take back RRW. EPR Laws and RRW

14. Workshop on Policy Development for Green Productivity Promotion 14 10-13 March 2015, Taipei Workshop on Policy Development for Green Productivity Promotion 14 10-13 March 2015, Taipei Sellers required to display collection-point marks at their stores and take back waste containers or dry batteries returned by the consumers include: EPR Laws and RRW Hypermarkets Supermarkets Franchised convenient stores Franchised drugstores Gas stations Convenience stores at traffic stations Franchised drinks stores Franchised fast food stores Take back dry battery only: Cell phone retailers Camera retailers

15. Workshop on Policy Development for Green Productivity Promotion 15 10-13 March 2015, Taipei Workshop on Policy Development for Green Productivity Promotion 15 10-13 March 2015, Taipei Sellers must take back used appliances (televisions, refrigerators, air conditioners, washing machines) from consumers purchasing new appliances. Lamp sellers must accept used lamps at no charge from the general public. EPR Laws and RRW

16. Workshop on Policy Development for Green Productivity Promotion 16 10-13 March 2015, Taipei Workshop on Policy Development for Green Productivity Promotion 16 10-13 March 2015, Taipei Four-in-one Recycling Program Community Resident Recycler Collector Local Government (municipalities) Recycling Fund Waste Generators Private Recycling System (3) Local Government Collect and sort recyclable Part of the revenues from selling recyclable must feed back to the general public. (2) Recycler/Collector Collect and recycle recyclable from households, communities, sellers and municipalities. (1) Community residents Form Community- based Recycling organization and promote separation of waste and recyclable. (4) Recycling Fund Financed by producers RFMB plans and implements recycling programs. Funding Sources Municipal Collection System

17. Workshop on Policy Development for Green Productivity Promotion 17 10-13 March 2015, Taipei Workshop on Policy Development for Green Productivity Promotion 17 10-13 March 2015, Taipei Four-in-One Recycling Program Waste Money Product Waste Subsidy Manufacturer or importer of products Recycling Fund Recycling Fund Management Board Public Collectors Municipalities Seller Recyclers pay Product Management Framework Auditing Certification Group Audit Report Information Grant

18. Workshop on Policy Development for Green Productivity Promotion 18 10-13 March 2015, Taipei Workshop on Policy Development for Green Productivity Promotion 18 10-13 March 2015, Taipei Recycling fees are distributed to Recycling Funds (RFs) administered by RFMB. The Minister of EPAT chairs RFMB, which is composed of 21 councilors appointed by EPAT Minister from representatives of governments, industry groups, trade associations, experts, and scholars. 80% of the funds are distributed to trust funds, which are used to subsidize collection or recycling of RRW based on the certified volumes. 20% of the funds are distributed to the “special income fund”, which are dedicated to education, research and development, auditing and certification, grants for municipalities and citizen groups, and administration. The 2014 budget for the eight RFs is NT$ 6,794,000,000. (NT$ 31.5 = 1 US$) Recycling Fund Management

19. Workshop on Policy Development for Green Productivity Promotion 19 10-13 March 2015, Taipei Recycling Fund Management 2013 Expenditure of Trust Funds – NT$ 5,244,225,000

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21. Workshop on Policy Development for Green Productivity Promotion 21 10-13 March 2015, Taipei Workshop on Policy Development for Green Productivity Promotion 21 10-13 March 2015, Taipei Rates Decision Making Process The fee rates for producers and the subsidy rates for recyclers are the most important two economic instruments of the recycling scheme. EPAT set up the Fee Rate Review Committee (FRRC) to review the fee rates and subsidy rates proposed by RFMB. FRRC is composed of 21 members appointed by the Minister of EPAT from representatives of governments, industry and trade associations, environmental protection NGOs, consumer protection NGOs, scholars and experts. Representatives from governments may not exceed one third of the membership. FRRC has three working groups focusing on fee rates and subsidy rates of containers, vehicles, and EEE respectively. Decisions of working groups are then reviewed in the FRRC Assembly and are sent to the Minister for approval and promulgation. Fee Rates and Subsidy Rates

22. Workshop on Policy Development for Green Productivity Promotion 22 10-13 March 2015, Taipei Auditing and Certification The auditing and certification groups (ACG) are contracted by EPAT to confirm the volumes of the RRW collected and recycled eligible for subsidy. RFMB-registered recyclers must be audited by ACGs for compliance with the environmental regulations, specifically the method and facility standard of RRW collection, storage and recycling, and the regulations of RRW auditing and certification, to be eligible for subsidy. To prevent fraud in subsidy application, recyclers are required by the auditing and certification regulations to install closed circuit television (CCTV) monitoring system to record their daily operations. RFMB has developed sophisticated rules for the record keeping, reporting, inventory and calculation of recycled volumes of RRW. RFMB also organizes a committee to help monitor ACGs’ activities.

23. Workshop on Policy Development for Green Productivity Promotion 23 10-13 March 2015, Taipei DisassembleRemove doorCollect coolant CrushingRecycled materials Waste Refrigerator Recycling

24. Workshop on Policy Development for Green Productivity Promotion 24 10-13 March 2015, Taipei IT Recycling Disassemble Crushing Remove fluorescent powder Recycled materials

25. Workshop on Policy Development for Green Productivity Promotion 25 10-13 March 2015, Taipei Workshop on Policy Development for Green Productivity Promotion 25 10-13 March 2015, Taipei Plastic Container Recycling CollectionSorting MeltingPlastic Chips RecyclingPacking ResinRecycled plastics

26. Workshop on Policy Development for Green Productivity Promotion 26 10-13 March 2015, Taipei 26 資源回收成效 — 稽核認證量與資源回收率 Performance - Certified Collection Volume & Rate 1,000 metric tons

27. Workshop on Policy Development for Green Productivity Promotion 27 10-13 March 2015, Taipei 27 公告應回收項目 Regulated recyclable waste category 20102011201220132014 容器 Container 69.6475.7674.9876.5576.64 乾電池 General Battery 42.4536.8952.3950.1240.21 汽機車 Automobile/Motorcycle 88.9160.0232.6617.8745.8 鉛蓄電池 Lead-Acid Battery 74.2187.7386.2481.7295.05 輪胎 Tire 72.1074.2375.362.2666.83 潤滑油 Lubricant 71.7275.22--- 電子電器 Home Appliances 61.8365.6480.4188.9566.32 資訊物品 IT equipment 40.9046.9142.9340.0843.13 照明光源 Light bulbs/tubes 80.0273.89186.55126.07127.52 資源回收成效 -- 回收率 Performance - Collection Rate of Regulated recyclable waste Unit:%

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29. Workshop on Policy Development for Green Productivity Promotion 29 10-13 March 2015, Taipei Workshop on Policy Development for Green Productivity Promotion 29 10-13 March 2015, Taipei Conclusions Taiwan’s national recycling funds play a key role in providing incentives to drive the collection and recycling of MSW. The producers or importers of products or packaging designated by EPAT by the law are obliged to pay recycling fees to the national recycling funds. EPAT then uses the funds to subsidize the collection and recycling of the RRW. With national EPR program supplemented by municipal collection and recycling programs, Taiwan’s recycling scheme has proved to be effective and successful.

30. 30 Thank You ! Shou-Chien Lee soclee@epa.gov.tw