1. DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid Located in the nucleus Genes are on it Makes duplicates of itself Controls the production of cell proteins

2. DNA is made up of nucleotides put together. It takes two nucleotides to make one rung on DNA’s twisted ladder shape. The nucleotide has 3 parts: Round: phosphate group House: deoxyribose (sugar) Rectangles and squares: nitrogen bases

3. The nitrogen bases that make up the rung are from the following: Adenine, Thymine,, Guanine, Cytosine or A, T, G, C Nucleotides pair in a specific way - called the Base-Pair Rule Adenine pairs to Thymine Guanine pairs to Cytosine

6. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/genome/dna.ht ml# http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/education/b ody/create-dna-fingerprint.html

7. Mutation – any change in the DNA usually a mutation is a disadvantage to the organism

8. Most mutations are recessive. This means that an organism must inherit two traits for the mutation to actually show the mutation. People that are carrying one gene or allele for the mutation do not realize that they have it.

9. Chromosome viewer http://www.teachersdomain.org/resource/td c02.sci.life.gen.hglandmarks/http://www.teachersdomain.org/resource/td c02.sci.life.gen.hglandmarks/

10. Types of DNA mutations Additions Deletions Substitutions Examples: sickle-cell anemia, hemophilia, PKU*******

11. One Wrong Letter http://www.teachersdomain.org/resource/td c02.sci.life.gen.onewrong/http://www.teachersdomain.org/resource/td c02.sci.life.gen.onewrong/

12. Types of chromosome mutations Change in chromosome number How can this be? NONDISJUNCTION**** Results in: Down’s syndrome Polypoidy

13. What increases the incidence of mutations? Mutagens: X-rays, UV rays, chemicals, radioactivity

14. Double Immunity http://www.teachersdomain.org/resource/td c02.sci.life.gen.doubleimmunity/http://www.teachersdomain.org/resource/td c02.sci.life.gen.doubleimmunity/

15. A Mutation Story http://www.teachersdomain.org/resource/td c02.sci.life.gen.mutationstory/http://www.teachersdomain.org/resource/td c02.sci.life.gen.mutationstory/

16. How do we detect a genetic disorder? Blood and urine samples – screen for problems Diagnosis: Amniocentesis  make a karyotype and examine chromosomes

17. Remember that DNA has 2 functions: Replication Control of protein production

18. DNA Replication *******transparency and internet sites

19. DNA workshop http://www.teachersdomain.org/resource/td c02.sci.life.gen.dnaworkshop/http://www.teachersdomain.org/resource/td c02.sci.life.gen.dnaworkshop/

20. Control of Protein Synthesis RNA necessary****

21. DNA workshop http://www.teachersdomain.org/resource/td c02.sci.life.gen.dnaworkshop/http://www.teachersdomain.org/resource/td c02.sci.life.gen.dnaworkshop/

22. Genetics extras

23. Male Karyotype

24. Female Karyotype

25. Amino Acid Chart