1. Energy in Cells Like the energizer rabbit, they keep going and going and going…

2. why do cells need Energy? Cells must have energy to make new molecules build and repair membranes and organelles maintaining homeostasis

3. Where does energy come from? THE MITOCHONDRIA!!!! Uses glucose to make adenosine triphosphate (ATP) short term energy storage

4. what is atp? a nucleotide with 2 phosphate groups nucleotides are made up of a sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous base ATP composition ribose sugar adenine base phosphate group of phosphoric acid (tail of 3)

5. How is energy released? to release energy, ATP is broken 1 phosphate is removed a water molecule is added - hydrolysis adenosine triphosphate (ATP) turns into a molecule of adenosine diphosphate (ADP) contains only 2 phosphates

6. How does ATP and ADP cycle? phosphorylation - the process of combining ADP to a phosphate to make ATP ATP cannot be stored for later use ADP and P are constantly recombined for energy process is called the ATP - ADP cycle

7. How do plants get energy? photosynthesis - process by which some organisms capture the energy of sunlight to make food in the form of glucose most energy for life is gathered through photosynthesis

8. What can do photosynthesis? organisms that CAN CARRY OUT photosynthesis plants algae bacteria some protists whats one we have discussed?

9. What is the photosynthesis equation?

10. Where does photosynthesis happen? in organelles called chloroplasts contain pigments to absorb light energy main pigment is chlorophyll GREEN!

11. What are types of photosynthetic reactions? light dependent happens in light light independent happens in the absence of light

12. What are light dependent reactions? uses energy absorbed in chlorophyll to produce ATP and NADPH NADPH is another energy carrier both ATP and NADPH are used in light independent reactions

13. What are light independent reactions? called the Calvin cycle Calvin cycle - a series of reactions that form the simple sugar glucose from carbon dioxide and water cell uses ATP and NADPH to rearrange water and carbon dioxide to form glucose and oxygen

14. What is cellular respiration? cellular respiration - process by which cells release energy stored in chemical bonds of food molecules releases energy from sugars, fats, amino acids, and nucleotides GLUCOSE is the most important

15. What are the parts of cellular respiration? Glycolysis occurs in cytoplasm With or without O 2 Breaks glucose into 2 3-carbon sugars (pyruvate) Give electrons to NAD+ making NADH Citric acid/Kreb’s Cycle Occurs in mitochondria Cycle Produces more ATP and NADH Electron Transport Chain Occurs in inner mitochondrial membrane Uses NADH to make NAD+ and energy from electrons Makes most ATP

16. What is anaerobic respiration? aerobic - process that requires oxygen anaerobic - process that does NOT require oxygen fermentation - process that enables cells to release energy in the absence of oxygen 2 important types lactic acid fermentation alcohol fermentation

17. What is fermentation? before fermentation, enzymes break down a glucose molecule, called glycolysis makes 2 molecules of pyruvic acid takes 2 ATP molecules occurs in the CYTOPLASM produces 4 ATP molecules

18. What is lactic acid fermentation? enzyme converts pyruvic acid into lactic acid most cells cannot use lactic acid and excrete it as waste used to make yogurt and cheese occurs in MUSCLE cells during strenuous exercise muscles produce a form of lactic acid called lactate

19. Resources for pictures http://upsc-help-line.blogspot.com/2011/03/cell-fundamental-unit-of-life-notes-for.html http://lokhandwalabatool.wordpress.com/author/lokhandwalabatool/ http://www.glogster.com/cariss1/sellyourcell/g-6mmlugphconhn9je10lc8a0 http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/animals/nucleus.html http://historyoftheuniverse.com/index.php?p=proks.htm http://www.studydroid.com/printerFriendlyViewPack.php?packId=19735 http://torresbioclan.pbworks.com/w/page/22377072/cell%20membrane%20-%20team%20sMART http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_membrane http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/biology/ribosome.html http://www.lhsc.on.ca/Patients_Families_Visitors/Genetics/Inherited_Metabolic/Mitochondria/AllAboutMitochondria.htm http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/238044/Golgi-apparatus http://ajweinmann.wordpress.com/lysosomes/ http://waynesword.palomar.edu/lmexer1a.htm http://www2.hkedcity.net/sch_files/a/kss/kss-fcw/public_html/5cell.htm http://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/plant-cells-chloroplasts-and-cell-walls-14053956 http://www.glogster.com/ladykoko/vacuole/g-6mf0vue18rpnlmeamtgp1a0 http://fourthingsabout.blogspot.com/2011/05/homeostasis.html http://www.jenway.com/faq_pH_Meters.asp http://images.tutorvista.com/cms/images/38/plasma-membrane.png http://jishiblog98.blogspot.com/2011_10_01_archive.html http://kopmanps.wikispaces.com/Chapter+Three https://online.science.psu.edu/biol011_sandbox_7239/node/7401 http://www.arkive.org/grass-snake/natrix-natrix/image-A15244.html http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/add_ocr_pre_2011/homeostasis/importancerev4.shtml http://www.mrsaverettsclassroom.com/bio5-organic-chemistry-the-molecules-of-life.php http://prezi.com/kxsieraubpua/introduction-to-quantum-mechanics-in-chemistry/

20. Resources http://classes.midlandstech.edu/carterp/Courses/bio225/chap02/225chap02.htm http://maddiesmadhouse.wikispaces.com/Focus+on+Proteins http://ibpf.org/blog/bittersweet-holiday-treats-how-sugar-affects-your-mood https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Clostridium_cellulolyticum_H10 http://lc.brooklyn.cuny.edu/smarttutor/corc1321/macromolec.html http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/biology/bio4fv/page/disaccharide.html http://www.shmoop.com/biomolecules/theme-a.html https://audioboom.com/boos/524929-topic-1-03-structure-and-function-of-saccharides http://biology.unm.edu/ccouncil/Biology_124/Summaries/Macromol.html http://jmbe.asm.org/index.php/jmbe/article/view/242/html_103 http://www.prevention.com/health/health-concerns/fight-cholesterol-these-healthy-fats http://www.thousandwishes.net/2013/07/fats-cholesterol-what-is-good-and-whats-bad-for-our-health/ http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/what-are-saturated-fats-definition-types-function-examples.html#lesson http://www.medibid.com/blog/2012/10/cholesterol-and-triglyceride-whats-it-all-about/ http://ccisolar.caltech.edu/webpage/131 http://www.sparknotes.com/biology/cellstructure/cellmembranes/section1.html https://sites.google.com/a/maine207.org/bio/spring-semester-2013-2014/macromolecules http://www.majordifferences.com/2013/02/difference-between-primary-and.html http://fineartamerica.com/featured/biuret-test-for-proteins-andrew-lambert-photography.html http://www.moondragon.org/health/nutritionbasics/aminoacids/rna-dna.html http://www.sciencegeek.net/Biology/review/U2Enzymes.htm http://waynesword.palomar.edu/molecu1.htm http://academic.pgcc.edu/~kroberts/Lecture/Chapter%205/enzymes.html http://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/Contexts/Digestion-Chemistry/Sci-Media/Images/Denatured-enzyme http://biochemistryisagoodthing.wordpress.com/2013/03/02/corny-enzyme-cartoons/ http://biologysemester52.wikispaces.com/Cell+Cycle+-+Pictorial http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/labbench/lab3/interphs.html http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/media/99691/One-cell-gives-rise-to-two-genetically-identical-daughter-cells http://www.proprofs.com/quiz-school/story.php?title=p-test-1_1 http://www.edupic.net/cells.htm http://www.scienceclarified.com/Qu-Ro/Reproduction.html

21. Resources for pictures http://www.internethealthandfitnessdatabase.com/human_b ody_organ_diagram.htmlhttp://www.internethealthandfitnessdatabase.com/human_b ody_organ_diagram.html http://weartfestival.com/video-art/weartmag-letter-of-the- editor/attachment/red-blood-cells/http://weartfestival.com/video-art/weartmag-letter-of-the- editor/attachment/red-blood-cells/ http://www.123rf.com/photo_7149022_nerve-cell--close- up.htmlhttp://www.123rf.com/photo_7149022_nerve-cell--close- up.html http://humanspermcell.tumblr.com http://fourthingsabout.blogspot.com/2011/06/nervous-and- sensory-systems.htmlhttp://fourthingsabout.blogspot.com/2011/06/nervous-and- sensory-systems.html http://www.scripps.org/articles/1154-cbc http://www.abpischools.org.uk/page/modules/celldiv_cance r/cancer3.cfmhttp://www.abpischools.org.uk/page/modules/celldiv_cance r/cancer3.cfm http://heartmusclehealthcare.com/content/only-accept- cardiac-muscle-cellshttp://heartmusclehealthcare.com/content/only-accept- cardiac-muscle-cells http://www.riversideonline.com/health_reference/Tools/DS0 0549.cfmhttp://www.riversideonline.com/health_reference/Tools/DS0 0549.cfm http://www.systembio.com/stem-cell- research/differentiation-reporters/overviewhttp://www.systembio.com/stem-cell- research/differentiation-reporters/overview http://www.answering- christianity.com/man_created_from_speeding_sperm.htmhttp://www.answering- christianity.com/man_created_from_speeding_sperm.htm http://outreach.mcb.harvard.edu/animations/preloaderStem Cells.swfhttp://outreach.mcb.harvard.edu/animations/preloaderStem Cells.swf http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/body/how-cells-divide.html http://www.citruscollege.edu/lc/archive/biology/Pages/Chapter 08-Rabitoy.aspx http://www.citruscollege.edu/lc/archive/biology/Pages/Chapter 08-Rabitoy.aspx http://emt.bu.edu/em610/em610_ol_spring_2008/yanti/interp hase.html http://emt.bu.edu/em610/em610_ol_spring_2008/yanti/interp hase.html https://biologyeoc.wikispaces.com/Mitosis http://www.protopage.com/eukaryotic.mysteries http://www.evh.k12.nf.ca/rbaker/Bio%203201/The%20Cell%20C ycle/mitosis.htm http://www.evh.k12.nf.ca/rbaker/Bio%203201/The%20Cell%20C ycle/mitosis.htm http://www.biologycorner.com/worksheets/mitosis_key.html http://www.yvonnebraden.com/Mitosis%20Flip%20Book%20Wa rm-up.htm http://www.yvonnebraden.com/Mitosis%20Flip%20Book%20Wa rm-up.htm http://mrsdlovesscience.com/asexualrepro.html http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VlN7K1-9QB0

22. Resources http://www.google.com/imgres?q=mitochondria&um=1&hl=en&client=safari&sa=N&tbo=d&rls=en&biw=1440&bih=764&tbm=isch&tbnid=e-ba- qKkU6hREM:&imgrefurl=http://fusionanomaly.net/mitochondria.html&docid=8ZguWUzEXXfPcM&imgurl=http://fusionanomaly.net/mitochondria.jpg &w=387&h=262&ei=QLf_ULzTFovO0QHo3oGIBw&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=1151&vpy=336&dur=398&hovh=156&hovw=220&tx=165&ty=122&sig=115 953012663293382693&page=1&tbnh=129&tbnw=171&start=0&ndsp=32&ved=1t:429,r:15,s:0,i:169 http://www.google.com/imgres?q=atp&um=1&hl=en&client=safari&tbo=d&rls=en&biw=1440&bih=764&tbm=isch&tbnid=UIEP_aXL8x8IqM:&imgrefu rl=http://fitfoodscience.com/%3Ftag%3Datp&docid=F4FVyqoed1meDM&imgurl=http://fitfoodscience.com/wp- content/uploads/2012/03/ATP.jpg&w=761&h=402&ei=3bf_UKaGLYnB0QGJlYCIBQ&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=4&vpy=332&dur=1013&hovh=163&hovw= 309&tx=169&ty=36&sig=115953012663293382693&page=1&tbnh=138&tbnw=262&start=0&ndsp=27&ved=1t:429,r:7,s:0,i:168 http://www.google.com/imgres?q=atp&um=1&hl=en&client=safari&tbo=d&rls=en&biw=1440&bih=764&tbm=isch&tbnid=HKOrqsjf7keQkM:&imgref url=http://leavingbio.net/ENERGY%2520FOR%2520LIFE.htm&docid=UOXUjA88AtiIjM&imgurl=http://leavingbio.net/ENERGY%252520FOR%252520LIF E_files/image002.gif&w=289&h=289&ei=3bf_UKaGLYnB0QGJlYCIBQ&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=346&vpy=428&dur=2045&hovh=225&hovw=225&tx=11 7&ty=92&sig=115953012663293382693&page=1&tbnh=140&tbnw=140&start=0&ndsp=27&ved=1t:429,r:15,s:0,i:192 http://www.google.com/imgres?q=atp+to+adp&um=1&hl=en&client=safari&tbo=d&rls=en&biw=1440&bih=764&tbm=isch&tbnid=e5qENDGZKxXkIM :&imgrefurl=http://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/Contexts/Digestion-Chemistry/Sci-Media/Images/Unlocking-ATP- energy&docid=Ss3vl3zpHvnGSM&imgurl=http://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/var/sciencelearn/storage/images/contexts/digestion-chemistry/sci- media/images/unlocking-atp-energy/489218-1-eng-NZ/Unlocking-ATP- energy.jpg&w=750&h=500&ei=prn_UPn1FbSP0QG59IGADw&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=107&vpy=470&dur=1988&hovh=183&hovw=275&tx=135&ty=11 8&sig=115953012663293382693&page=1&tbnh=135&tbnw=197&start=0&ndsp=25&ved=1t:429,r:19,s:0,i:165 http://www.google.com/imgres?q=atp+to+adp+cycle&um=1&hl=en&client=safari&tbo=d&rls=en&biw=1440&bih=764&tbm=isch&tbnid=6utPCs441U O_mM:&imgrefurl=http://ohhs.ohsd.net/~brick/che/cher_bio_atp.htm&docid=YD1N_J446N9aJM&imgurl=http://ohhs.ohsd.net/~brick/bio/images/bi oi_atp_adp.gif&w=477&h=262&ei=nLr_UJu6BKGa0QG_y4GABw&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=180&vpy=292&dur=3124&hovh=166&hovw=303&tx=140&ty =119&sig=115953012663293382693&page=1&tbnh=139&tbnw=254&start=0&ndsp=27&ved=1t:429,r:8,s:0,i:105 http://www.google.com/imgres?q=photosynthesis&um=1&hl=en&client=safari&tbo=d&rls=en&biw=1440&bih=764&tbm=isch&tbnid=deKWHQNqh6 RmMM:&imgrefurl=http://science.howstuffworks.com/earth3.htm&docid=a5mYN-VjlSuC5M&imgurl=http://static.ddmcdn.com/gif/irrigation- photosynthesis.gif&w=400&h=357&ei=sLv_ULDRGNO20AGMzYGIBg&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=80&vpy=154&dur=888&hovh=212&hovw=238&tx=161& ty=128&sig=115953012663293382693&page=1&tbnh=139&tbnw=156&start=0&ndsp=32&ved=1t:429,r:1,s:0,i:150

23. resources http://www.google.com/imgres?q=euglena&um=1&hl=en&client=safari&tbo=d&rls=en&biw=1440&bih=764&tbm=isch&tbnid=HkfdNQpQCcbB5M:&imgrefurl=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euglena&docid=fqxscQ7D0 wfOGM&imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Euglena_diagram.jpg/300px-Euglena_diagram.jpg&w=300&h=197&ei=hbz_ULKKI- KA0AHnqICYAg&zoom=1&iact=rc&dur=335&sig=115953012663293382693&page=1&tbnh=132&tbnw=202&start=0&ndsp=30&ved=1t:429,r:0,s:0,i:147&tx=142&ty=106 http://www.google.com/imgres?q=photosynthesis&um=1&hl=en&client=safari&tbo=d&rls=en&biw=1440&bih=764&tbm=isch&tbnid=pAIcu6duWkREkM:&imgrefurl=http://1000awesomethings.com/2010/03/11/551- photosynthesis/&docid=EFSe8rRdNUMOuM&imgurl=http://1000awesomethings.files.wordpress.com/2010/03/photosynthesis1.jpg&w=1028&h=907&ei=sLv_ULDRGNO20AGMzYGIBg&zoom=1&iact=rc&dur=1&sig=11 5953012663293382693&page=2&tbnh=136&tbnw=139&start=32&ndsp=40&ved=1t:429,r:43,s:0,i:281&tx=50&ty=92 http://www.lifeadrift.info/ages-11-16/phytoplankon-extra.aspx http://www.google.com/imgres?q=chlorophyll&um=1&hl=en&client=safari&tbo=d&rls=en&biw=1440&bih=764&tbm=isch&tbnid=uqPto5v3Xf-QCM:&imgrefurl=http://forestry- learning.blogspot.com/2010/10/chlorophyll.html&docid=JorJVmaUU2PbKM&imgurl=http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-qDVXBjiNdzc/UEFOffAYBII/AAAAAAAAAKI/_A-Lqibn_Nw/s400/chlorophyll-chloroplasts- structure.jpg&w=373&h=348&ei=Fb7_UIuHA-7r0QHI14CICg&zoom=1&iact=rc&dur=236&sig=115953012663293382693&page=1&tbnh=143&tbnw=153&start=0&ndsp=31&ved=1t:429,r:15,s:0,i:205&tx=76&ty=101 http://www.google.com/imgres?q=nadph&hl=en&client=safari&sa=X&tbo=d&rls=en&biw=1440&bih=764&tbm=isch&tbnid=vZGo0bAHVA_wSM:&imgrefurl=http://www.pearsonhighered.com/mathews/molex/nadph.htm&docid=5_BnxkFsPSD9eM&imgurl=http://www.pearsonhighered.com/mathews/MN/NADPH.GIF&w=440&h=194&ei=8r7_UJHrIcjr0QHVr4DgCw&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=547&vpy=186&dur=158&hovh=149&hovw =338&tx=106&ty=91&sig=115953012663293382693&page=1&tbnh=124&tbnw=282&start=0&ndsp=30&ved=1t:429,r:4,s:0,i:136 http://www.google.com/imgres?q=cellular+respiration+equation&hl=en&client=safari&tbo=d&rls=en&biw=1440&bih=764&tbm=isch&tbnid=2uD5- ZhH_8VFmM:&imgrefurl=http://www.hartnell.edu/tutorials/biology/cellularrespiration.html&docid=PKc- kzufYnta0M&imgurl=http://www.hartnell.edu/tutorials/biology/images/cellularrespiration_equation.jpg&w=500&h=105&ei=LcD_UPjeEai30QGC_oDQBQ&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=834&vpy=528&dur=376&hovh=61&ho vw=290&tx=136&ty=16&sig=115953012663293382693&page=1&tbnh=61&tbnw=290&start=0&ndsp=25&ved=1t:429,r:16,s:0,i:195 http://www.google.com/imgres?q=pyruvate&hl=en&client=safari&tbo=d&rls=en&biw=1440&bih=764&tbm=isch&tbnid=3U9z02QgRnWNyM:&imgrefurl=http://guweb2.gonzaga.edu/faculty/cronk/biochem/P- index.cfm%3Fdefinition%3Dpyruvate&docid=DBsQtAym94zmhM&imgurl=http://guweb2.gonzaga.edu/faculty/cronk/biochem/images/pyruvate.gif&w=175&h=224&ei=OsL_UP2uIof00gG91YHwAg&zoom=1&iact=hc&v px=150&vpy=171&dur=399&hovh=175&hovw=137&tx=77&ty=113&sig=115953012663293382693&page=1&tbnh=124&tbnw=97&start=0&ndsp=30&ved=1t:429,r:1,s:0,i:150 http://www.google.com/imgres?q=alcohol+fermentation&hl=en&client=safari&tbo=d&rls=en&biw=1440&bih=764&tbm=isch&tbnid=Xl_MrsVyQLoWOM:&imgrefurl=http://leavingbio.net/respiration- (higher%2520level).htm&docid=5UJNInixGjDL4M&imgurl=http://leavingbio.net/RESPIRATION- (higher%252520level)_files/image022.gif&w=395&h=326&ei=1ML_UL3nJaLC0QGH8oDYDQ&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=4&vpy=449&dur=5956&hovh=204&hovw=247&tx=117&ty=171&sig=115953012663293382693&page =3&tbnh=144&tbnw=174&start=65&ndsp=35&ved=1t:429,r:65,s:0,i:334