1. Vineyard Establishment Central Vo-tech Drumright, OK May 20, 2006 Central Vo-tech Drumright, OK May 20, 2006

2. Vineyard Establishment Introductions

3. Vineyard Establishment Why do we want to plant grapes? How many vines do we want to plant? Why do we want to plant grapes? How many vines do we want to plant?

4. Vineyard Establishment Romance vs. Reality

5. Vineyard Establishment Vacation goodbye!

6. Vineyard Establishment Get Rich Slow Scheme

7. Vineyard Establishment Considerations Climate Soils Pests Water Considerations Climate Soils Pests Water Labor Economics Neighbors

8. Vineyard Establishment Economics: Economy of scale Tractors and spray equipment or lots of hand labor Same equipment for 2 acres or 20 Probably won’t make money Economics: Economy of scale Tractors and spray equipment or lots of hand labor Same equipment for 2 acres or 20 Probably won’t make money

9. Vineyard Establishment Labor Grapes require intense management (especially in early years) Some work requires a crew Family and friends? Labor Grapes require intense management (especially in early years) Some work requires a crew Family and friends?

10. Vineyard Establishment Neighbors & Ag Urban Interface Local ordinances (tree removal) Pesticides Bird control Water Neighbors & Ag Urban Interface Local ordinances (tree removal) Pesticides Bird control Water

11. Vineyard Establishment Where can grapes be grown? Environmental conditions may: -limit production -prohibit production entirely -impact quality -may involve risk (crop loss, expense, etc.) Where can grapes be grown? Environmental conditions may: -limit production -prohibit production entirely -impact quality -may involve risk (crop loss, expense, etc.)

12. Vineyard Establishment Climate Grapes are grown all over California, the United States, the rest of the world Not over 3300 ft. elevation Not at far northern latitudes In cold areas site selection is critical Climate Grapes are grown all over California, the United States, the rest of the world Not over 3300 ft. elevation Not at far northern latitudes In cold areas site selection is critical

13. Vineyard Establishment Temperature is a key factor Grapes are temperate plants (originating from the Middle East) Need some dormancy Two Temperature Factors 1. Minimum temperatures 2. Cumulative heat during season to ripen the fruit Temperature is a key factor Grapes are temperate plants (originating from the Middle East) Need some dormancy Two Temperature Factors 1. Minimum temperatures 2. Cumulative heat during season to ripen the fruit

14. Vineyard Establishment Minimum temperatures are critical Extreme winter temperatures damage during the dormant season Frost – springtime damage to emerging buds or green growth Minimum temperatures are critical Extreme winter temperatures damage during the dormant season Frost – springtime damage to emerging buds or green growth

15. Vineyard Establishment Extreme winter temperatures: Below 20 F can damage buds Below 5-8 F can damage wood, kill vines Winter injury is extremely variable (influenced by many factors such as vine health, variety, other weather conditions Extreme winter temperatures: Below 20 F can damage buds Below 5-8 F can damage wood, kill vines Winter injury is extremely variable (influenced by many factors such as vine health, variety, other weather conditions

16. Vineyard Establishment Frost Temperatures below 32 F will damage or kill green, growing tissue Need 180 – 200 frost free days Hint—when can you put out tomatoes? Frost Temperatures below 32 F will damage or kill green, growing tissue Need 180 – 200 frost free days Hint—when can you put out tomatoes?

17. Vineyard Establishment Record temperatures Man Min thermometer $20 - $1000’s Weather data good for “local condition” but not your specific microclimate Several thermometers on property Record temperatures Man Min thermometer $20 - $1000’s Weather data good for “local condition” but not your specific microclimate Several thermometers on property

18. Vineyard Establishment http://www.mesonet.ou.edu/public/curr ent.htmlhttp://www.mesonet.ou.edu/public/curr ent.htmlhttp://www.mesonet.ou.edu/public/curr ent.htmlhttp://www.mesonet.ou.edu/public/curr ent.html http://www.mesonet.ou.edu/public/curr ent.htmlhttp://www.mesonet.ou.edu/public/curr ent.htmlhttp://www.mesonet.ou.edu/public/curr ent.htmlhttp://www.mesonet.ou.edu/public/curr ent.html

19. Vineyard Establishment Cumulative heat during season Accumulated “heat summation” or “degree-days” over 50 F DD = Average daily temperature – 50 87 F max, 49 F min Avg = 68 68-50 = 18 DD Amerine and Winkler defined Climatic Regions 1 to V based on heat accumulated from April to October Cumulative heat during season Accumulated “heat summation” or “degree-days” over 50 F DD = Average daily temperature – 50 87 F max, 49 F min Avg = 68 68-50 = 18 DD Amerine and Winkler defined Climatic Regions 1 to V based on heat accumulated from April to October Grayson

20. Vineyard Establishment I< 2500 II 2501 – 3000 III3001 – 3500 IV3501 – 4000 V> 4000 I< 2500 II 2501 – 3000 III3001 – 3500 IV3501 – 4000 V> 4000

21. Vineyard Establishment IIIIIIIVV Pinot noir, Pinot Gris, Gewurtztraminer, White Riesling Chardonnay Merlot, Syrah, Grenache, Sangiovese, Sauvignon blanc, Viognier, Chenin blanc Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet franc, Zinfandel, Petite Sirah

22. Vineyard Establishment Heat Hastens sugar development (ripening) Decreases color and acid May impact flavor compounds Heat Hastens sugar development (ripening) Decreases color and acid May impact flavor compounds

23. Vineyard Establishment Other considerations Sunlight is critical—for bud development, photosynthesis, proper growth and maturity Need “full sun”, avoid shade Issues in gray, rainy climate Rainfall and humidity impact diseases and insects Other considerations Sunlight is critical—for bud development, photosynthesis, proper growth and maturity Need “full sun”, avoid shade Issues in gray, rainy climate Rainfall and humidity impact diseases and insects

24. Vineyard Establishment Bottom Line Analyze your climate – area and site Frost in April, May, Sept, Oct ? Are there low spots, drainage? What is the elevation? Do you drop below the teens? Is it sunny? Are you in the shade of trees? Bottom Line Analyze your climate – area and site Frost in April, May, Sept, Oct ? Are there low spots, drainage? What is the elevation? Do you drop below the teens? Is it sunny? Are you in the shade of trees?

25. Vineyard Establishment Conclusions Use information in selecting varieties, location, training systems If your site is marginal, analyze risk – can you accept: Some/complete crop loss? Can you spend money to push limits? How critical is quality? Conclusions Use information in selecting varieties, location, training systems If your site is marginal, analyze risk – can you accept: Some/complete crop loss? Can you spend money to push limits? How critical is quality?

26. Vineyard Establishment Is my site suitable? Important soil characteristics Depth Texture Uniformity Chemistry Is my site suitable? Important soil characteristics Depth Texture Uniformity Chemistry

27. Vineyard Establishment Soil characters influence decision on: Rootstock Spacing Trellis system Irrigation management Soil characters influence decision on: Rootstock Spacing Trellis system Irrigation management

28. Vineyard Establishment Four Principal Components of Soil Air Water Mineral Organic Material

29. Vineyard Establishment Soil Texture Sand Silt Clay Soil Texture Sand Silt Clay

31. Vineyard Establishment Soil Sampling Sample number based on variability Collect soil where grape roots will be growing Sample layers separately Soil Sampling Sample number based on variability Collect soil where grape roots will be growing Sample layers separately

32. Vineyard Establishment Soil, Water and Petiole Analysis (one per member) are free with a Lincoln County Grape Grower membership. A $105 benefit for the $60 yearly membership fee! Soil, Water and Petiole Analysis (one per member) are free with a Lincoln County Grape Grower membership. A $105 benefit for the $60 yearly membership fee!

33. Vineyard Establishment Soil Testing pH Ca:Mg ratio Salinity Boron Soil Testing pH Ca:Mg ratio Salinity Boron

34. Vineyard Establishment Soil Amendments pH adjustment Improve permeability Add organic matter Soil Amendments pH adjustment Improve permeability Add organic matter

35. Vineyard Establishment pH Adjustment Lime Raises pH Calcium carbonate CaCo Sulfur Lowers pH Produces sulfuric acid pH Adjustment Lime Raises pH Calcium carbonate CaCo Sulfur Lowers pH Produces sulfuric acid 3

36. Vineyard Establishment Permeability Gypsum Calcium sulfate CaSO CA displaces Na No influence on pH Permeability Gypsum Calcium sulfate CaSO CA displaces Na No influence on pH 4

37. Vineyard Establishment Organic Matter Compost Manure Cover crops Organic Matter Compost Manure Cover crops

38. Vineyard Establishment County Extension Agent Western Agricultural Laboratories, Inc. (806) 704-4888 County Extension Agent Western Agricultural Laboratories, Inc. (806) 704-4888

39. Vineyard Establishment http://coststudies.ucdavis.edu/uploads/ cost_return_articles/grapesslo.pdfhttp://coststudies.ucdavis.edu/uploads/ cost_return_articles/grapesslo.pdfhttp://coststudies.ucdavis.edu/uploads/ cost_return_articles/grapesslo.pdfhttp://coststudies.ucdavis.edu/uploads/ cost_return_articles/grapesslo.pdf http://coststudies.ucdavis.edu/uploads/ cost_return_articles/grapesslo.pdfhttp://coststudies.ucdavis.edu/uploads/ cost_return_articles/grapesslo.pdfhttp://coststudies.ucdavis.edu/uploads/ cost_return_articles/grapesslo.pdfhttp://coststudies.ucdavis.edu/uploads/ cost_return_articles/grapesslo.pdf

40. Vineyard Establishment Overview of wine growth Vitis vinifera Vitis labrusca http://winemakermag.com/referenceguide/c ommongrapes/ Overview of wine growth Vitis vinifera Vitis labrusca http://winemakermag.com/referenceguide/c ommongrapes/

41. Vineyard Establishment Grape bud: also called Node

42. Vineyard Establishment Cycle of Growth --Annual, yearly growth Leaves, shoots, trunk, roots --Photosynthesis, growth, energy production Reproductive --Two year cycle from bud development to ripening --Fruit development – flower, berry, cluster ripening, seeds --Reproduction Cycle of Growth --Annual, yearly growth Leaves, shoots, trunk, roots --Photosynthesis, growth, energy production Reproductive --Two year cycle from bud development to ripening --Fruit development – flower, berry, cluster ripening, seeds --Reproduction

43. Vineyard Establishment Annual cycle of vegetative growth Bud break Annual cycle of vegetative growth Bud break

44. Vineyard Establishment http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www- plb.ucdavis.edu/labs/rost/virtual%2520grape%2520dreamwea ver/virtual%2520grape%2520images/%2520bud%2520break %2520Thorne%25203.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www- plb.ucdavis.edu/labs/rost/virtual%2520grape%2520dreamwea ver/Shoots%2520%2520Development%2520Home.htm&h=6 13&w=424&sz=28&tbnid=B2czVHMvxhuCBM:&tbnh=134&tb nw=92&hl=en&start=4&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dbud%2Bbrea k%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26rls%3DGGL G,GGLG:2005-51,GGLG:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www- plb.ucdavis.edu/labs/rost/virtual%2520grape%2520dreamwea ver/virtual%2520grape%2520images/%2520bud%2520break %2520Thorne%25203.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www- plb.ucdavis.edu/labs/rost/virtual%2520grape%2520dreamwea ver/Shoots%2520%2520Development%2520Home.htm&h=6 13&w=424&sz=28&tbnid=B2czVHMvxhuCBM:&tbnh=134&tb nw=92&hl=en&start=4&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dbud%2Bbrea k%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26rls%3DGGL G,GGLG:2005-51,GGLG:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www- plb.ucdavis.edu/labs/rost/virtual%2520grape%2520dreamwea ver/virtual%2520grape%2520images/%2520bud%2520break %2520Thorne%25203.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www- plb.ucdavis.edu/labs/rost/virtual%2520grape%2520dreamwea ver/Shoots%2520%2520Development%2520Home.htm&h=6 13&w=424&sz=28&tbnid=B2czVHMvxhuCBM:&tbnh=134&tb nw=92&hl=en&start=4&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dbud%2Bbrea k%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26rls%3DGGL G,GGLG:2005-51,GGLG:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www- plb.ucdavis.edu/labs/rost/virtual%2520grape%2520dreamwea ver/virtual%2520grape%2520images/%2520bud%2520break %2520Thorne%25203.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www- plb.ucdavis.edu/labs/rost/virtual%2520grape%2520dreamwea ver/Shoots%2520%2520Development%2520Home.htm&h=6 13&w=424&sz=28&tbnid=B2czVHMvxhuCBM:&tbnh=134&tb nw=92&hl=en&start=4&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dbud%2Bbrea k%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26rls%3DGGL G,GGLG:2005-51,GGLG:en%26sa%3DN http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www- plb.ucdavis.edu/labs/rost/virtual%2520grape%2520dreamwea ver/virtual%2520grape%2520images/%2520bud%2520break %2520Thorne%25203.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www- plb.ucdavis.edu/labs/rost/virtual%2520grape%2520dreamwea ver/Shoots%2520%2520Development%2520Home.htm&h=6 13&w=424&sz=28&tbnid=B2czVHMvxhuCBM:&tbnh=134&tb nw=92&hl=en&start=4&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dbud%2Bbrea k%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26rls%3DGGL G,GGLG:2005-51,GGLG:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www- plb.ucdavis.edu/labs/rost/virtual%2520grape%2520dreamwea ver/virtual%2520grape%2520images/%2520bud%2520break %2520Thorne%25203.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www- plb.ucdavis.edu/labs/rost/virtual%2520grape%2520dreamwea ver/Shoots%2520%2520Development%2520Home.htm&h=6 13&w=424&sz=28&tbnid=B2czVHMvxhuCBM:&tbnh=134&tb nw=92&hl=en&start=4&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dbud%2Bbrea k%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26rls%3DGGL G,GGLG:2005-51,GGLG:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www- plb.ucdavis.edu/labs/rost/virtual%2520grape%2520dreamwea ver/virtual%2520grape%2520images/%2520bud%2520break %2520Thorne%25203.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www- plb.ucdavis.edu/labs/rost/virtual%2520grape%2520dreamwea ver/Shoots%2520%2520Development%2520Home.htm&h=6 13&w=424&sz=28&tbnid=B2czVHMvxhuCBM:&tbnh=134&tb nw=92&hl=en&start=4&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dbud%2Bbrea k%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26rls%3DGGL G,GGLG:2005-51,GGLG:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www- plb.ucdavis.edu/labs/rost/virtual%2520grape%2520dreamwea ver/virtual%2520grape%2520images/%2520bud%2520break %2520Thorne%25203.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www- plb.ucdavis.edu/labs/rost/virtual%2520grape%2520dreamwea ver/Shoots%2520%2520Development%2520Home.htm&h=6 13&w=424&sz=28&tbnid=B2czVHMvxhuCBM:&tbnh=134&tb nw=92&hl=en&start=4&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dbud%2Bbrea k%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26rls%3DGGL G,GGLG:2005-51,GGLG:en%26sa%3DN

45. Vineyard Establishment Deciding what to plant Variety Rootstock Type of plants Deciding what to plant Variety Rootstock Type of plants

46. Vineyard Establishment Variety Selection Climatic region Market Local trends Home winemakers: Grow what you like to drink Red wine production is more forgiving than white wine production Variety Selection Climatic region Market Local trends Home winemakers: Grow what you like to drink Red wine production is more forgiving than white wine production

47. Vineyard Establishment Whites Chardonnay Sauvignon blanc Viognier White Riesling Chenin blanc Whites Chardonnay Sauvignon blanc Viognier White Riesling Chenin blanc Reds Cabernet sauvignon Merlot Cabernet franc Zinfandel Sangiovese Syrah

48. Vineyard Establishment “Easy” varieties Cabernet Sauvignon Cabernet franc Barbera Sauvignon blanc “Easy” varieties Cabernet Sauvignon Cabernet franc Barbera Sauvignon blanc

49. Vineyard Establishment Varieties with “Issues” Chardonnay Chenin blanc Merlot Syrah Varieties with “Issues” Chardonnay Chenin blanc Merlot Syrah

50. Vineyard Establishment “Challenging” Varieties Pinot noir Sangiovese “Challenging” Varieties Pinot noir Sangiovese

51. Vineyard Establishment The roots of Vitis vinifera grapevines are very susceptible to phylloxera. Phylloxera decimated European vineyards in the late 1800’s. The roots of Vitis vinifera grapevines are very susceptible to phylloxera. Phylloxera decimated European vineyards in the late 1800’s.

52. Vineyard Establishment Many American grape species are resistant to phylloxera because they evolved together. Vitis riparia Vitis rupestris Vitis Berlanieri Vitis cordifolia Vitis cinerea Plus several others Many American grape species are resistant to phylloxera because they evolved together. Vitis riparia Vitis rupestris Vitis Berlanieri Vitis cordifolia Vitis cinerea Plus several others

53. Vineyard Establishment Phylloxera-resistant rootstocks were developed by grape breeders over 100 years ago to deal with the European phylloxera crisis. Most of the rootstocks in use today were developed then. Phylloxera-resistant rootstocks were developed by grape breeders over 100 years ago to deal with the European phylloxera crisis. Most of the rootstocks in use today were developed then.

54. Vineyard Establishment Rootstock Uses Pest & disease resistance (phylloxera, nematodes) Vigor management Soil adaptation Wine quality Rootstock Uses Pest & disease resistance (phylloxera, nematodes) Vigor management Soil adaptation Wine quality

55. Vineyard Establishment Vitis species used in rootstocks Phylloxera resistance: Riparia, rupestris, Berlandieri Nematode resistance Longii, champinii, rotundifolia Vitis species used in rootstocks Phylloxera resistance: Riparia, rupestris, Berlandieri Nematode resistance Longii, champinii, rotundifolia

56. Vineyard Establishment Vitis riparia Riparian habitats, alluvial soils Shallow roots – likes plenty of water US from Rock Mnts to Atlantic; Canada to Texas Resists phylloxera, susceptible to lime, easy to propagate Vitis riparia Riparian habitats, alluvial soils Shallow roots – likes plenty of water US from Rock Mnts to Atlantic; Canada to Texas Resists phylloxera, susceptible to lime, easy to propagate

57. Vineyard Establishment Vitis rupestris Rocky creek beds Deep roots – induce vigor, but not very drought tolerant on shallow soils Texas to Tennessee Resists phylloxera, variable nematode and lime tolerance, easy to propagate Vitis rupestris Rocky creek beds Deep roots – induce vigor, but not very drought tolerant on shallow soils Texas to Tennessee Resists phylloxera, variable nematode and lime tolerance, easy to propagate

58. Vineyard Establishment Vitis Berlandieri Deep roots some drought tolerance Variable phylloxera resistance, good lime resistance, difficult to propagate Vitis Berlandieri Deep roots some drought tolerance Variable phylloxera resistance, good lime resistance, difficult to propagate

59. Vineyard Establishment V. riparia x V. rupestris 3309 C 101-14 mgt Schwarzmann 3306 C V. riparia x V. rupestris 3309 C 101-14 mgt Schwarzmann 3306 C

60. Vineyard Establishment V. Berlandieri x V. riparia 5c SO4 5BB 420A V. Berlandieri x V. riparia 5c SO4 5BB 420A

61. Vineyard Establishment Vigorous, Forgiving Rootstocks 110 R 1103 P 140 Ruggieri Vigorous, Forgiving Rootstocks 110 R 1103 P 140 Ruggieri

62. Vineyard Establishment Moderate Vigor Rootstocks 3309 101-14 SO4 5BB Moderate Vigor Rootstocks 3309 101-14 SO4 5BB

63. Vineyard Establishment Rootstocks with Issues: 420A Riparia Gloire 5C 44-53 Rootstocks with Issues: 420A Riparia Gloire 5C 44-53 039-16 St. George Freedom Harmony

64. Vineyard Establishment Types of Planting Material Green-growing bench grafts Dormant bench grafts Dormant rootings http://www.vintagenurseries.com/index.htm Types of Planting Material Green-growing bench grafts Dormant bench grafts Dormant rootings http://www.vintagenurseries.com/index.htm

65. Vineyard Establishment Phylloxera http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl= http://petruccilibrary.csufresno.edu/Image s/Phylloxera/15130061.jpg&imgrefurl=htt p://petruccilibrary.csufresno.edu/Phylloxer a.htm&h=333&w=500&sz=166&tbnid=sC KjO1PSYioh4M:&tbnh=84&tbnw=127&hl =en&start=17&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dp hylloxera%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den %26lr%3D%26rls%3DGGLG,GGLG:2005 -51,GGLG:en%26sa%3DN

66. Vineyard Establishment Variety Rootstock Spacing/Trellis Market Evaluation (economics) Local Climate & microclimate Site Evaluation: Vigor potential

67. Vineyard Establishment Spacing & Trellis Decision Goals High quality as defined by your market High productivity per acre Vineyard that is efficient to farm Spacing & Trellis Decision Goals High quality as defined by your market High productivity per acre Vineyard that is efficient to farm

68. Vineyard Establishment Vineyard spacing has two components Row spacing Vine spacing Vineyard spacing has two components Row spacing Vine spacing

69. Vineyard Establishment Row Spacing Based on farming equipment Vine Spacing Based on anticipated vine vigor Row Spacing Based on farming equipment Vine Spacing Based on anticipated vine vigor

70. Vineyard Establishment Row Spacing What equipment will be going down the row? How wide is it? Row Spacing What equipment will be going down the row? How wide is it?

71. Vineyard Establishment In-Row Vine Spacing Should be based on anticipated vine vigor In-Row Vine Spacing Should be based on anticipated vine vigor

72. Vineyard Establishment In-Row Vine Spacing Close enough together to produce a continuous fruit zone without gaps Far enough apart to provide space for enough buds to be left at pruning in order to balance the vine In-Row Vine Spacing Close enough together to produce a continuous fruit zone without gaps Far enough apart to provide space for enough buds to be left at pruning in order to balance the vine

73. Vineyard Establishment Planting Density:Planting Density: http://www.jimssupply.com/planting_& _wire_guid.htmhttp://www.jimssupply.com/planting_& _wire_guid.htmhttp://www.jimssupply.com/planting_& _wire_guid.htmhttp://www.jimssupply.com/planting_& _wire_guid.htm Planting Density:Planting Density: http://www.jimssupply.com/planting_& _wire_guid.htmhttp://www.jimssupply.com/planting_& _wire_guid.htmhttp://www.jimssupply.com/planting_& _wire_guid.htmhttp://www.jimssupply.com/planting_& _wire_guid.htm

74. Vineyard Establishment Vine Density Effects Yield per Vine Plant density

75. Vineyard Establishment Plant density More vines per acre, Less crop per vine Yield per Vine Plant density

76. Vineyard Establishment Plant density Yield per Vine Less crop per vine, But more vines per acre

77. Vineyard Establishment Vine Density Effects Yield per Vine Plant density 1000 v.p.a 2000 v.p.a

78. Vineyard Establishment Row Direction Considerations Row length; long vs. short Hillside slope Prevailing wind Sunlight interception Sunburn Row Direction Considerations Row length; long vs. short Hillside slope Prevailing wind Sunlight interception Sunburn

79. Vineyard Establishment Sunlight Interception N-S rows intercept 10-20% more sunlight than E-W rows Sunlight Interception N-S rows intercept 10-20% more sunlight than E-W rows

80. Vineyard Establishment Other Design Considerations Row direction End assemblies Metal or wood trellis materials Staging areas Turn-around space (20-25 feet) Other Design Considerations Row direction End assemblies Metal or wood trellis materials Staging areas Turn-around space (20-25 feet)

81. Vineyard Establishment Canopy Management & Vineyard Design Aiming for a “balanced” vineyard: Enough canopy to ripen the crop without excessive growth Vegetative growth balanced by fruit production Canopy Management & Vineyard Design Aiming for a “balanced” vineyard: Enough canopy to ripen the crop without excessive growth Vegetative growth balanced by fruit production

82. Vineyard Establishment Trellis Systems Traditional non-positioned systems Vertical Shoot Positioning (VSP) Divided canopy systems Horizontally divided Vertically divided Trellis Systems Traditional non-positioned systems Vertical Shoot Positioning (VSP) Divided canopy systems Horizontally divided Vertically divided

83. Vineyard Establishment Vertical Trellis System Row spacing as close as you can comfortably farm Shoot positioning system Vine spacing appropriate to the site – problems encountered more often with vines too close together than too far apart Vertical Trellis System Row spacing as close as you can comfortably farm Shoot positioning system Vine spacing appropriate to the site – problems encountered more often with vines too close together than too far apart

84. Vineyard Establishment http://www.nysaes.cornell.edu/hort/fac ulty/pool/train/trainandstocks.htmlhttp://www.nysaes.cornell.edu/hort/fac ulty/pool/train/trainandstocks.html http://www.nysaes.cornell.edu/hort/fac ulty/pool/train/trainandstocks.htmlhttp://www.nysaes.cornell.edu/hort/fac ulty/pool/train/trainandstocks.html

85. Vineyard Establishment Measuring “balance” Yield/Pruning Weight rations Lbs of crop/lbs of pruning's per vine < 3Undercropped 4-8Normal >10Overcropped Reds generally lower than whites Measuring “balance” Yield/Pruning Weight rations Lbs of crop/lbs of pruning's per vine < 3Undercropped 4-8Normal >10Overcropped Reds generally lower than whites

86. Vineyard Establishment Pruning Principles The stronger the vine, the more crop it can carry. More buds should be left at pruning. Pruning Principles The stronger the vine, the more crop it can carry. More buds should be left at pruning.

87. Vineyard Establishment Factors Influencing Vigor Soil—depth, texture, water-holding capacity, fertility Climate Rootstock Variety Spacing Farming practices – irrigation, fertilization, cover crops Factors Influencing Vigor Soil—depth, texture, water-holding capacity, fertility Climate Rootstock Variety Spacing Farming practices – irrigation, fertilization, cover crops

88. Vineyard Establishment Low Vigor Sites Shallow or poor soil Cool, windy site Low vigor rootstock Low Vigor Sites Shallow or poor soil Cool, windy site Low vigor rootstock

89. Vineyard Establishment Low Vigor Sites Spacing: vines will be smaller, so plant closer together: 3-5 ft. Low Vigor Sites Spacing: vines will be smaller, so plant closer together: 3-5 ft.

90. Vineyard Establishment Low Vigor Sites: Trellis: VSP trellis for narrow rows. Non-positioned systems are also an option Low Vigor Sites: Trellis: VSP trellis for narrow rows. Non-positioned systems are also an option

91. Vineyard Establishment High vigor Sites: Deep, rich soil Warm region High water table Vigorous rootstock High vigor Sites: Deep, rich soil Warm region High water table Vigorous rootstock

92. Vineyard Establishment High Vigor Sites: Spacing: vines will be larger so plant further apart: 6-8 feet or more High Vigor Sites: Spacing: vines will be larger so plant further apart: 6-8 feet or more

93. Vineyard Establishment High Vigor Sites: Trellis: Divided canopy systems. Use VSP only with wide vine spacing and low-vigor rootstocks. High Vigor Sites: Trellis: Divided canopy systems. Use VSP only with wide vine spacing and low-vigor rootstocks.

94. Vineyard Establishment Moderate Vigor Sites: All options are open Rootstock and farming practices must be considered as vigor can be influenced up or down Moderate Vigor Sites: All options are open Rootstock and farming practices must be considered as vigor can be influenced up or down

95. Vineyard Establishment Other Factors to Consider Machine harvesting Water supply --high density plantings will likely require more irrigation Labor availability and oversight --shoot positioning and leaf removal --crop load reductions Other Factors to Consider Machine harvesting Water supply --high density plantings will likely require more irrigation Labor availability and oversight --shoot positioning and leaf removal --crop load reductions

96. Vineyard Establishment Vineyard Design There is not a “best” system for everyone. What may be best for you may be different from your neighbor. Vineyard Design There is not a “best” system for everyone. What may be best for you may be different from your neighbor.

97. Vineyard Establishment Vineyard Economics Site development Planting & establishment costs Annual production costs Vineyard Economics Site development Planting & establishment costs Annual production costs

98. Vineyard Establishment Vineyard Economics Site development costs may range from $5,000 per acre or higher Annual production costs can range from $2,000 per acre or higher Vineyard Economics Site development costs may range from $5,000 per acre or higher Annual production costs can range from $2,000 per acre or higher

99. Vineyard Establishment How much wine can a small vineyard produce? Calculate your acreage Estimate production based on tons/acre Convert tons produced to gallons of wine How much wine can a small vineyard produce? Calculate your acreage Estimate production based on tons/acre Convert tons produced to gallons of wine

100. Vineyard Establishment http://www.agmrc.org/agmrc/commodit y/fruits/wine/wineryfeasibility.htmhttp://www.agmrc.org/agmrc/commodit y/fruits/wine/wineryfeasibility.htmhttp://www.agmrc.org/agmrc/commodit y/fruits/wine/wineryfeasibility.htmhttp://www.agmrc.org/agmrc/commodit y/fruits/wine/wineryfeasibility.htm http://www.agmrc.org/agmrc/commodit y/fruits/wine/wineryfeasibility.htmhttp://www.agmrc.org/agmrc/commodit y/fruits/wine/wineryfeasibility.htmhttp://www.agmrc.org/agmrc/commodit y/fruits/wine/wineryfeasibility.htmhttp://www.agmrc.org/agmrc/commodit y/fruits/wine/wineryfeasibility.htm

101. Vineyard Establishment Vineyard problems you must anticipate Phylloxera Vertebrate pests (rabbits etc.) Birds Vineyard problems you must anticipate Phylloxera Vertebrate pests (rabbits etc.) Birds

102. Vineyard Establishment Vineyard spraying Begin shortly after budbreak when all shoots are out (appx 4 inches) Vineyard spraying Begin shortly after budbreak when all shoots are out (appx 4 inches)

103. Vineyard Establishment Grape pest management:Grape pest management: High regulatedHigh regulated http://aec.army.mil/usaec/pest/cert- ok.htmlhttp://aec.army.mil/usaec/pest/cert- ok.htmlhttp://aec.army.mil/usaec/pest/cert- ok.htmlhttp://aec.army.mil/usaec/pest/cert- ok.html Safety – Laws, employeesSafety – Laws, employees Grape pest management:Grape pest management: High regulatedHigh regulated http://aec.army.mil/usaec/pest/cert- ok.htmlhttp://aec.army.mil/usaec/pest/cert- ok.htmlhttp://aec.army.mil/usaec/pest/cert- ok.htmlhttp://aec.army.mil/usaec/pest/cert- ok.html Safety – Laws, employeesSafety – Laws, employees

104. Vineyard Establishment Selected websites:Selected websites: http://www.lincolncountygrapes.org/http://www.lincolncountygrapes.org/http://www.lincolncountygrapes.org/ http://www.oklahomawines.org/http://www.oklahomawines.org/http://www.oklahomawines.org/ http://www.valleyvineyards.com/wineisms.ht mhttp://www.valleyvineyards.com/wineisms.ht mhttp://www.valleyvineyards.com/wineisms.ht mhttp://www.valleyvineyards.com/wineisms.ht m http://culturedwino.com/http://culturedwino.com/http://culturedwino.com/ Selected websites:Selected websites: http://www.lincolncountygrapes.org/http://www.lincolncountygrapes.org/http://www.lincolncountygrapes.org/ http://www.oklahomawines.org/http://www.oklahomawines.org/http://www.oklahomawines.org/ http://www.valleyvineyards.com/wineisms.ht mhttp://www.valleyvineyards.com/wineisms.ht mhttp://www.valleyvineyards.com/wineisms.ht mhttp://www.valleyvineyards.com/wineisms.ht m http://culturedwino.com/http://culturedwino.com/http://culturedwino.com/

105. Vineyard Establishment Selected websites:Selected websites: http://www.ttb.gov/index.htmhttp://www.ttb.gov/index.htmhttp://www.ttb.gov/index.htm http://www.graperadio.com/archives/2005/0 5/02/graperadio-wine-disaster/http://www.graperadio.com/archives/2005/0 5/02/graperadio-wine-disaster/http://www.graperadio.com/archives/2005/0 5/02/graperadio-wine-disaster/http://www.graperadio.com/archives/2005/0 5/02/graperadio-wine-disaster/ http://www.vwm-online.com/http://www.vwm-online.com/http://www.vwm-online.com/ http://www.wineamerica.org/http://www.wineamerica.org/http://www.wineamerica.org/ Selected websites:Selected websites: http://www.ttb.gov/index.htmhttp://www.ttb.gov/index.htmhttp://www.ttb.gov/index.htm http://www.graperadio.com/archives/2005/0 5/02/graperadio-wine-disaster/http://www.graperadio.com/archives/2005/0 5/02/graperadio-wine-disaster/http://www.graperadio.com/archives/2005/0 5/02/graperadio-wine-disaster/http://www.graperadio.com/archives/2005/0 5/02/graperadio-wine-disaster/ http://www.vwm-online.com/http://www.vwm-online.com/http://www.vwm-online.com/ http://www.wineamerica.org/http://www.wineamerica.org/http://www.wineamerica.org/

106. Vineyard Establishment Selected websites:Selected websites: http://viticulture.hort.iastate.edu/info/infopf.h tmlhttp://viticulture.hort.iastate.edu/info/infopf.h tmlhttp://viticulture.hort.iastate.edu/info/infopf.h tmlhttp://viticulture.hort.iastate.edu/info/infopf.h tml http://www.vesta-usa.org/http://www.vesta-usa.org/http://www.vesta-usa.org/ http://www.twgga.org/http://www.twgga.org/http://www.twgga.org/ http://www.freethegrapes.org/http://www.freethegrapes.org/http://www.freethegrapes.org/ Selected websites:Selected websites: http://viticulture.hort.iastate.edu/info/infopf.h tmlhttp://viticulture.hort.iastate.edu/info/infopf.h tmlhttp://viticulture.hort.iastate.edu/info/infopf.h tmlhttp://viticulture.hort.iastate.edu/info/infopf.h tml http://www.vesta-usa.org/http://www.vesta-usa.org/http://www.vesta-usa.org/ http://www.twgga.org/http://www.twgga.org/http://www.twgga.org/ http://www.freethegrapes.org/http://www.freethegrapes.org/http://www.freethegrapes.org/