1. 1 Graphic Communication Techniques ‘Hand & Commercial Drawing Processes’

2. 2 Lesson Objectives The main objective of this theory lesson is to reinforce your understanding of the following graphic communication techniques:  Isometric drawing,  Planometric drawing,  1, 2, 3 Point Perspective drawing,  Graphic enhancement,  Working drawings,  Computer Aided Design software. During this session, I would like you to follow the presentation, take notes and when appropriate, have a go at a number of the techniques. You will then have the opportunity to present your understanding via a short task that you must complete for your prep.

3. 3 Pictorial Drawing: Isometric An Isometric Drawing is a more accurate method of showing all 3 sides of the object, as a result, it is one of the most commonly used drawing styles. An Isometric Drawing is a more accurate method of showing all 3 sides of the object, as a result, it is one of the most commonly used drawing styles. ‘Iso’ in Greek means equal, ‘Isometric’ therefore, equal measurements. Isometric drawings are made up of 3 sets of parallel lines. ‘Iso’ in Greek means equal, ‘Isometric’ therefore, equal measurements. Isometric drawings are made up of 3 sets of parallel lines. To achieve an accurate isometric drawing you should use a T square, (for the vertical lines) a set square (for the 30 degree lines) or isometric paper. To achieve an accurate isometric drawing you should use a T square, (for the vertical lines) a set square (for the 30 degree lines) or isometric paper. The basic rule is that all non vertical lines are at a 30 degree angle. The basic rule is that all non vertical lines are at a 30 degree angle. Have a go at drawing some isometric boxes: sketch the ‘closest’, vertical edge first, then draw the base 30 degree edges, then the top 30 degree edges then the two verticals (which establishes its width & depth). Then complete the drawing by drawing the 3 rd parallel, 30 degree lines that will complete the ‘back’ of the box.

4. 4 Planometic Drawings are widely used to illustrate buildings or room interiors, they are rarely used for product design. Planometic Drawings are widely used to illustrate buildings or room interiors, they are rarely used for product design. The ‘true’ plan view is drawn at 45/45 or 30/60 degrees to the horizontal. The ‘true’ plan view is drawn at 45/45 or 30/60 degrees to the horizontal. The 3D image is then generated from a plan view by extending parallel lines vertically. Normally these lines are reduced to avoid distortion. The 3D image is then generated from a plan view by extending parallel lines vertically. Normally these lines are reduced to avoid distortion. Pictorial Drawing: Planometrics

5. 5 Pictorial Drawing: One Point Perspective Oblique, Isometric & Planometric drawings all will show some level of distortion, therefore images can be improved by adding ‘Perspective’. Perspective creates the illusion of objects getting smaller (and parallel lines converging) as they get further away. Perspective drawings use ‘Vanishing Points’. A vanishing point is the point at which the lines converge as they get ‘further away’ from the front of the object. One Point Perspective is the simplest type of perspective as its starting point is the flat ‘true’ view of an object, (similar to an Oblique). As its name suggest, it has a single vanishing point. The receding lines all travel to the vanishing point. If you need to see the top of the object place the vanishing point above the ‘horizon line’ and visa versa to see the base. Have a go using a simple box shape.

6. 6 When you need to present the object at an angle, (similar to an Isometric) you should use two point perspective. Two point perspective uses two ‘Vanishing Points’ both on the horizon line. Pictorial Drawing: Two Point Perspective Task: Task:  Draw in a horizon line (Across the page) with 2 VP’s at either side. the page) with 2 VP’s at either side.  Show the nearest edge of the object by drawing a vertical line, object by drawing a vertical line,  Then draw 4 faint lines, from the top and from the bottom of the top and from the bottom of the vertical edge to the vanishing vertical edge to the vanishing points, points,  Establish the length and width of the object then indicate this with the object then indicate this with two vertical lines, two vertical lines,  Then join the ‘top corners’ of the outer edges to the opposite outer edges to the opposite vanishing points. Where the back vanishing points. Where the back lines cross this forms the back lines cross this forms the back corner of the box. The outline can corner of the box. The outline can then be drawn in firmly. then be drawn in firmly.

7. 7 If you need to focus on the top of an object you can illustrate it using three point perspective which has a 3rd vanishing point. If you need to focus on the top of an object you can illustrate it using three point perspective which has a 3rd vanishing point. Rather than having vertical ‘width’ and ‘depth’ lines, they recede down towards the 3 rd vanishing point. Rather than having vertical ‘width’ and ‘depth’ lines, they recede down towards the 3 rd vanishing point. This technique is regularly used to illustrate buildings or larger objects that need to show some sense of scale. This technique is regularly used to illustrate buildings or larger objects that need to show some sense of scale. Pictorial Drawing: Three Point Perspective

8. 8 Over the last few slides you have been shown how to develop Oblique, Isometric, Planometric and Perspective drawings. The most simple shapes to generate using these techniques are square boxes. However you will very rarely just want to design a box! These boxes, or ‘Crates’ can be used as a guideline to generate other shapes, this is known as ‘Crating’. These boxes, or ‘Crates’ can be used as a guideline to generate other shapes, this is known as ‘Crating’. Imagine the object that you want to draw is packaged inside a tight fitting box. Once a suitable crate is illustrated then the detail can be added. Imagine the object that you want to draw is packaged inside a tight fitting box. Once a suitable crate is illustrated then the detail can be added. Look around the room and see if you can illustrate a suitable product that using one of your pre drawn crates. If you have to illustrate a circular form, you may need to generate an ‘ellipse’. Pictorial Drawing: Using Crates

9. 9 To offer further impact to your drawings you can apply a heavier ‘Line Weight’. The thicker lines create a shadow effect that makes the object appear more solid. Some simple rules can be followed to achieve the desired affect: A thick line is added to an edge where only the one surface is seen, A thick line is added to an edge where only the one surface is seen, A thin line is left where two surfaces meet on an edge, A thin line is left where two surfaces meet on an edge, For added impact an even thicker line is applied around the outline of the object. For added impact an even thicker line is applied around the outline of the object. The images below illustrate this principle. Graphical enhancement: Line weights

10. 10 If an object is placed near a ‘Light Source’ the side facing it will appear much lighter than the side facing away. Normally you would have the light source coming over your left shoulder as you look at the image. Lighter and darker versions of the same colour are referred to as ‘Tones’. By shading an object with different tones you can make it look more realistic and enable better communication of the object’s 3D form. The difference between the different tones is known as its ‘Contrast’. Tone can be applied easily to an illustration, either is a different ‘Solid’ colours or as a ‘Gradient’ – depending on its shape. The best mediums are pencil shading, (see below) colour pencil shading, The best mediums are pencil shading, (see below) colour pencil shading, (see below) and marker pen ‘rendering’ (shown on the next slide). Graphical enhancement: Applying Tone

11. 11 Colour can be used to considerably enhance a drawing. However you must avoid just ‘colouring in’ an illustration. You should look to apply colour carefully considering the light source, then its subsequent tone and contrast, this is known as ‘Rendering’. At this level, pencil colours & marker pens are the best methods to apply colour to your illustrations. You should look to plan it carefully then make sure that you build up the drawing gradually, making sure that you use an appropriate tonal range to communicate the form of the product. Colour can also be used to highlight sections of an illustration, drawing the viewer’s eye to key areas of the design. Colour coding systems can also be integrated into an illustration to assist understanding. Graphical Enhancement: Applying Colour

12. 12 Applying tones to an image is quite straight forward when the product has an even smooth surface. However often you will need to illustrate a product that has a variety of different materials which have different ‘Textures’, (shiny, smooth, rough, soft etc.) Look the image opposite and see how the designer has illustrated the different materials. Graphical enhancement: Applying Texture

13. 13 Working drawings are produced to display all of the required info of a product in 2D form so that it can be manufactured. There are four categories of working drawing, which include: 1) Orthographic Drawings These drawings show a series of ‘flat elevations’ lined up alongside one another. You normally present 3 elevations: ‘Front, Plan & End’. There are two different styles of orthographic drawing: ‘First angle projection’, although today the most commonly used method is ‘Third angle projection’. (see opposite). 2) Sectional Views Sectional views present a ‘cross section’ of the object. Imagine the object was cut in half then presented as a flat elevation. Sectional views will always shade the ‘material thicknesses’ with 45 degree lines (as Illustrated on this kettle). Working Drawings: -Orthographic Projection, -Sectional views

14. 14 3) Assembly Drawings Assembly drawings illustrate how the product’s parts fit together. They need to show the assembly method, as illustrate opposite with this example of a KD fitting, (a modesty bloc), reinforcing a simple butt joint. 4) Parts Drawings A parts drawing is normally illustrated in isometric. Parts drawings, (although often known as exploded drawings) can also present information as to how the product will be assembled but the main aim is to show every single component used. A standardised method of producing working drawings has been defined by the British Standards Institution (BSI). All working drawings are laid out with a margin and title block. The title block should include: name, date, title, projection used (with symbol), scale & drawing number. Working Drawings: Assembly Drawings, Parts Drawings

15. 15 Throughout this session we have looked at graphical techniques and presentation methods which are hand drawn. Increasingly in design these techniques are being superseded by ‘CAD’ software. ‘ProDesktop’, over the last 8 years, has become a school, university and industrial standard in computer generated imagery. (These computer generated illustrations have been produced by students at Chigwell using ProDesktop). This software enables you to generate both 2D drawings and 3D imagery which can be viewed from all angles, be given surface colours, transparency, textures, backgrounds and light sources. All settings can be rapidly altered at a touch of a button, the files can be sent from designers, to clients then onto manufacturers with ease. CAD files can also be sent directly to CAM machines (CAD / CAM). Computer Aided Design (CAD) ProDesktop Examples

16. 16 On a landscape sheet of A4 paper, draw at least six, two point perspective boxes, 3 above the horizon, and 3 below. Use a sharp pencil and a ruler. On a landscape sheet of A4 paper, draw at least six, two point perspective boxes, 3 above the horizon, and 3 below. Use a sharp pencil and a ruler. The height, width and depth of these boxes is entirely up to you, but try to ensure they are evenly spaced across the page and make sure you do not press too heavily when drawing in the construction lines. The height, width and depth of these boxes is entirely up to you, but try to ensure they are evenly spaced across the page and make sure you do not press too heavily when drawing in the construction lines. Once you have drawn the six, enhance them using the ‘enhancement techniques’ covered today, (line weights, light sources, tone, colour and textures). Once you have drawn the six, enhance them using the ‘enhancement techniques’ covered today, (line weights, light sources, tone, colour and textures). You could also look to use the boxes as ‘crates’ then transform them to a selection of small products – perhaps some stationery items. You could also look to use the boxes as ‘crates’ then transform them to a selection of small products – perhaps some stationery items. Good Luck! Good Luck! Graphics Prep: Two Point Perspective Drawing