1. Next Generation Biofuels from Non-traditional Feedstock 2/2/2011 2011 DOE Biomass Program IBR Platform Mano Misra University of Nevada, Reno This presentation does not contain any proprietary, confidential, or otherwise restricted information

2. 2 Overview Project start date –9-1-2010 Project end date –8-31-2012 Percent complete 15% What is the status of the project? : In Progress Are you on track with cost and schedule?: Yes Has the project scope changed? : No Identify when the project is complete. : N/A Total project funding –DOE share : 1,000,000 USD –Contractor share : 299,149 USD Funding received by Fiscal Year : − 2010: 0 USD − 2011: 34, 126 USD Timeline Budget Project Development Collaborations: University of Utah Intellectual property licenses: Yet to be Identified Project management −Dr. Mano Misra (PI) −Dr. Dev Chidambaram (Co-PI) Project Participants

3. Spend Plan 3

4. Project Overview Biggest technical hurdle to be overcome is the implementation of the transesterification process, which has been identified as a Go–No Go step in the PMP. The project, initiated in Sept 2010 is on schedule. The anticipated commercial cost of production is $3.60/gallon. 4 TasksYear 1Year 2 12341234 Task 1,2 Task 3,4 Task 5 Quarterly ReportXXXXXXX X Reporting – AnnualXX Reporting – Final X

5. 5 Approach

6. Non food feedstock sources (spent coffee grounds, feather meal) Task 1: Solvent extraction Oil (TG, DG, MG) Solid waste Biodiesel Glycerin Fuel pelletsEthanol 6 Approach Glyceric acidHydrogen Animal feed Task 2: Transesterification using heterogeneous catalyst Task 3: Photo oxidation Task 4: Utilization of solid waste

7. 7 Approach Task 1: Extraction of oil − Hexane extraction − Supercritical CO 2 extraction − Ultrasonic assisted water extraction − Transesterification using homogeneous catalyst − Characterization of biodiesel Task 2: Heterogeneous catalyst for biodiesel production − Synthesis of catalyst − Characterization − Catalyst testing − Recycling studies Task 3: Glycerol utilization − Photo oxidation of glycerol − Product identification and characterization − Process optimization − Catalyst recycling studies

8. 8 Task 4: Utilization of solid waste − Catalyst selection − Polysaccharides conversion to ethanol − Process optimization − Catalyst recycling studies Approach Task 5: System integration and flowsheet development − Process integration −Bench scale to pilot scale − Mass/energy balance Task 6: Project management and reporting − Two-year project − Research results will be presented at the DOE annual project review meetings

9. Experimental Reflux Distillation Drying 3 washings with hot water (2 volumes each time) 1 washing with acidified water (0.5 wt% tannic acid) TriglycerideMethanolBiodieselGlycerin 9 Bench Scale Biodiesel Production Process

10. Hexane Extraction Process Flow Sheet Non food feedstocks

11. 11 Process stepEnergy per ton of spent coffee (KWH/ton) Energy Receive and sort6.7623,056.37 Oil extraction13.0844,612.03 Solvent/oil recovery 3.6412,401.33 Transesterification10.5235,880.63 Pelletization428.01,459,782.09 Cooling pellets70.80241,477.97 Packing pellets166.48567,814.31 Total699.282,385,024.73 Energy Balance for Coffee Biodiesel Value products Energy (BTU) 1700 lb Pellets 14,774,700.00 27.93 gallons biodiesel 3,267,810.00 Total energy18,042,510.00 Energy requirement Energy output Net energy for 1 ton of spent coffee grounds = 1: 7.56

12. 12 Test nameTest methodLimitResults Free glycerin (mass %) ASTM D 6584MAX 0.0200.006 Total glycerin (mass %) ASTM D 93MAX 0.2400.109 Phosphorous (ppm)ASTM D 4951MAX 102.0 Ca + Mg (ppm)EN 14538MAX 52.0 Na + K (ppm)EN 15438MAX 52.0 Viscosity @ 40 o CASTM D 4451.9–6.05.84 TAN (mg KOH/g)ASTM D 664MAX 0.500.35 Oxidation stability by rancimat (hours) EN 14112MIN 3.003.05 Cloud point ( o C)ASTM D 2500N/A11.0 Pour point ( o C)ASTM D 97N/A2.0 ASTM Analysis for Coffee Biodiesel

13. 13 Technical Accomplishments Task 1: Extraction of oil − Hexane extraction − 15 – 20 wt% oil extraction is observed − Transesterification using homogeneous catalyst − 100% conversion obtained using coffee oil − Characterization of biodiesel − Coffee biodiesel meets all ASTM specifications Task 2: Heterogeneous catalyst for biodiesel production − Synthesis of catalyst −Q3T catalyst has been synthesized − Characterization −Characterization of the catalyst is under progress

14. 14 Relevance Successful conversion of spent coffee grounds has the potential yield of ~350 million gallons of biodiesel in United States Successful conversion of feather meal has the potential yield of ~ 600 million gallons of biodiesel in United States Successful implementation of heterogeneous catalyst will reduce the production costs for biodiesel and thereby make the industry competitive against traditional fossil fuels. Further, this will create a number of jobs in the bioenergy industry. Success Factors and Challenges The main challenge is in the collection and distribution of non- traditional feedstock such as coffee grounds. The collection and transport of non-traditional feedstock might increase the cost of the biodiesel.

15. Benefits and Expected Outcomes The successful project will advance the state of technology and positively impact the commercial viability of biomass and /or biofuels –Product cost is estimated at $3.60/gallon –Product Yield is ~11% based on our results –Energetics (energy generated is ~ 7.5 times energy used) Process Requirement is 2,385,024 KWh/tonne feedstock Energy generated is 18,042,510 KWh/tonne feedstock 15

16. 16 Summary –The Project was initiated in September 2010. In the three months to date, the following tasks have been accomplished: Oil extraction and transesterification to biodiesel has been accomplished using spent coffee grounds Energetics have been calculated for the process Biodiesel is being characterized and preliminary results indicate that it conforms to ASTM standards Transesterification has been performed using homogeneous catalyst Heterogeneous catalyst has been synthesized –Work is in progress on accomplishing the remaining tasks –The project is on schedule for completion by 08-31-2012