1. Overview of India’s History Created by Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY Modified by Mr. Ken Barrett

3. The Harappan Civilization 3300 BCE - 2400 BCE

4. Citadel Of Mohenjo- Daro

5. Characteristics: 1.Great River Civilization-Indus River 2. Major Complex Cities (Mohenjo-Daro & Harappa) a) huge cities (three miles in circumference) b) planned streets & indoor plumbing

6. 3.Written Language 4.Declined after 2000 BC 5.Language remains a mystery 6.Similarities to Sumerian culture but also clear differences

7. Aerial View of Mohenjo- Daro

8. Wide View, Mohenjo-Daro

9. The Great Bath, Mohenjo-Daro

10. Granery, Mohenjo-Daro

11. pottery, Mohenjo-Daro

12. Bison Seal, Mohenjo- Daro

13. A Horned-God Seal, Mohenjo-Daro

14. A Male Head, Mohenjo- Daro Dravidian

15. A Priest-King, Mohenjo- Daro

16. Necklace, Mohenjo-Daro

17. Unicorn Seal, Harappa

18. Female Figures, Harappa

19. Bull Figurine, Harappa

20. Elephant Figurine, Harappa

21. Burial Pottery, Harappa

22. Male Skeleton, Harappa

23. Female Skeleton with Child, Harappa

24. Harappan Writing Undecipherable to date.

26. Aryan Invasions 1.Indo-Europeans 2.Sanskrit language 3.Brahman Religion-developed into Hinduism 4.Lighter skinned rulers over darker- skinned peoples-origin of Caste System

27. Aryan Migration  pastoral  depended on their cattle.  warriors  horse-drawn chariots.

28. Sanskrit writing

30. The Vedic Age The foundations for Hinduism were established!

32. Development of Empires Maurya Empire-300 BC Founder: Chandragupta Maurya Greatest Ruler: Emperor Asoka (Height of Buddhism in India, reflected in Asoka’s laws) Decline followed Asoka-Cruel, harsh rulers

33. Chandragupta: 321 BCE-298 BCE  Unified northern India.  Divided his empire into provinces, then districts for tax assessments and law enforcement.  301 BCE  gave up his throne & became a Jain

34. The Maurya Empire 321 BCE – 185 BCE

35. Asoka (304 – 232 BCE)  Religious conversion after the gruesome battle of Kalinga in 262 BCE.  Dedicated his life to Buddhism.  Built extensive roads.  Conflict  how to balance methods of keeping power and Buddha’s demands to become a selfless person?

36. Asoka’s Empire

37. Asoka’s law code  Edicts scattered in more than 30 places in India, Nepal, Pakistan, & Afghanistan.  Written mostly in Sanskrit, but one was in Greek and Aramaic.  10 rock edicts.  Each pillar [stupa] is 40’-50’ high.  Buddhist principles dominate his laws.

38. One of Asoka’s Stupas

39. Disintegration and Reorganization 185 BC- 320 AD

40. Gupta Empire: 320 CE – 647 CE

41. Golden Age of India The Gupta Empire 320-647 Supported learning and the arts Developed the concept of Zero and the numbers symbols 0-9 Medical achievements Astronomy-knew of gravity and that the earth was round

42. International Trade Routes during the Guptas

43. Extensive Trade: 4 th Century spices spices gold & ivory rice & wheat horses cotton goods silks

44. Gupta Art Greatly influenced Southeast Asian art & architecture.

45. Medicine Literature Mathematics Astronomy Printed medicinal guides 1000 diseases classified Plastic Surgery C-sections performed Inoculations 500 healing plants identified Decimal System Concept of Zero PI = 3.1416 Kalidasa Solar Calendar The earth is round Gupta India Gupta Achievements

46. The Decline of the Guptas  Invasion of the White Huns in the 4c signaled the end of the Gupta Golden Age, even though at first, the Guptas defeated them.  After the decline of the Gupta empire, north India broke into a number of separate Hindu kingdoms and was not really unified again until the coming of the Muslims in the 7c.

47. Muslim India Muslims arrive from Middle East in the 600’s and 700’s Muslims arrive from Middle East in the 600’s and 700’s 1200- Turkish Muslims invade 1200- Turkish Muslims invade Capital: Delhi Capital: Delhi Mogul Dynasty established under Babur Mogul Dynasty established under Babur Akbar the Great ruled most of India Akbar the Great ruled most of India Akbar’s grandson Shah Jahan built Taj Mahal Akbar’s grandson Shah Jahan built Taj Mahal

50. The British Raj 1. 1400’s & 1500’s Arrival of Europeans 2.Mogul Empire Declines in the 18 th Century 3.Small kingdoms (Rajahs) emerge as Mogul Empire Breaks apart 4.The British Empire fills the power vacuum left by the Moguls

51. Initially dominated by the East India Company 5. Initially dominated by the East India Company 6. Company’s policies led to unrest and the Sepoy Mutiny (1859) 7. British Government ended Company rule and assumed direct control of India

52. India: 18c-early 19c