2. ASSESSMENT OF GENETIC WEALTH OF UNDER-UTILIZED VEGETABLE CROPS PRABHASH VASHISHT H-2005-44-M

3. INTRODUCTION  30,000 edible plant species (Wilson 1992)  About 150 species used worldwide  A large number of species remained under-utilized (Joshi and Paroda 1991)  Grown traditionally but no systematic research and development  Under-utilized vegetables --- large and diverse commodity group

4. IMPORTANCE  Life support species  To expand the ‘Food basket’  To increase the agricultural sustainability  Minimal use of intensive agricultural inputs  Food for the tribal people

5. SHARE OF UNDER-UTILIZED VEGETABLES IN THE WORLD  Estimated about 1500 species (Grubben 1977)  Over 1600 species (Nath et al 1987)  540 species are directly or indirectly consumed as vegetables (Arora 2003)

6. IN INDIA  About 55 vegetables grown in the country  Research work confined to nearly 30 vegetables  25 remained under-utilized  Genetic resources – 50 species  Genetic diversity found in these crops is under- utilized and offers a great opportunity for genetic improvement (Singh and Pandey 2004)

7. CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO USE 1)Leafy vegetables Amaranthus, Asparagus, Atriplex, Basella, Chenopodium, Chrysanthemum, Rumex, Lactuca, Nasturtium, Ipomea, Lepidium spp. 2)Root, tuber, bulbous and rhizomatous types Alocasia, Amorphophallus, Coleus, Colocasia, Dioscorea, Ipomea, Manihot, Pachyrhizus, Xanthosoma, Canna, Oxalis, Allium, Curcuma, Zingiber spp. 3)Fruit types Momordica, Cucumis, Trichosanthes, Sechium, Coccinea, Psophocarpus, Vigna, Dolichos, Phaseolus, Moringa spp. (Arora 2003)

8. NBPGR, NEW DELHI Common Name Scientific name Faba/Broad bean Vicia faba Lima bean Phaseolus lunatus Winged bean Psophocarpus tetragonolobus Jack bean Canavalia ensiformis Sword bean C. gladiata Velvet bean Mucuna utilis Chive Allium schoenoprasum Leek A. porrum Welsh onion A. fistulosum Broccoli Brassica oleracea var. italica Brussels sprouts Brassica oleracea var. gemmifera Chinese cabbage B. campestris var pekinensis Celery Apium graveolens Indian Lettuce Lactuca sativa Globe artichoke Cynara scolymus Contd….

9. Common Name Scientific name Asparagus Asparagus officinalis Indian spinach/palak Beta vulgaris var. bengalensis Water leaf Talinum triangulare Drum stick Moringa oleifera Curry leaf Murraya koenigii Ash gourd Benincasa hispida Snake gourd Trichosanthes cucumerina and T. anguina Kankoda/Teasle gourd M. cochinchinensis Kakrol/Gaint spine gourd Momordica dioca Ivy gourd Coccinia indica Pointed gourd/parwal Trichosanthes dioica Sweet corn Zea mays var. saccharata (Singh and Pandey 2004)

10. Winged beanYam bean

11. Sweet corn Baby corn

12. Agathy Drum stick Curry leaf

13. Ivy gourd Snake gourd

14. Chaulai Asparagus

15. Kale Knol Khol Brussels sprouts

16. ASSESSMENT OF GENETIC WEALTH  Systematic attempts -Identification and recording of desirable attributes -Documentation -Richness or occurrence of diversity

17. IDENTIFICATION “A descriptor is an identifiable and measurable trait or character of a plant accession”.  A standard type of language for exchange and use of data. Crop-specific descriptors by IPGRI CropAccessionsDescriptors Fenugreek17027 Amaranth40031 Winged bean 143931 Yam17519 Taro46881 (Gautam et al 2000)

18. DESCRIPTOR CATEGORIES 1)Passport data 2)Characterisation 3)Evaluation Perry and Ayad 1995

19. PASSPORT DATA  Describe characters of the accession observed at the time of original field collection.  Original identity of the accession.

20. Contd….

23. CHARACTERIZATION  Define characters that are highly heritable and that can be seen easily, and are equally expressed in all environments.  Analytical data of biochemical (protein/isozymes) and molecular (DNA based) markers.

24. Descriptor list for Solanum scabrum

26. EVALUATION  Define characters that are linked to breeding programmes.  Morpho-agronomic traits.  Biotic and abiotic stresses.

27. Source of resistance for biotic stresses Crop/vegetableDisease/Insect Resistance source Reference Lettuce Downy mildew Valverde, Calmar, FL 49015, L serriola, L. saligna Kalloo G (1988) Leaf spot L. saligna Sclerotinia drop PI 250427, PI 251790, PI 255568, MSU 73 Cabbage looper PI 281876, PI 253299, L. saligna, L. perennis Knolkhol Club root Vienna White 1350, K 240 Ram H H (2005) Black rot Szentesi Tartos, Kek Leek Leek stripe virus Siegfried, Winto, Autumn Giant Contd….

28. Crop/vegetableDisease/Insect Resistance source Reference Amaranth Meloidogyne sp. Leaf blight Folite A. dubius Celine et al (2002) AsparagusFusarium Line B-11, F-4, H-12, 13, M-9, 14 Chang et al (1983) Chinese cabbage Multiple disease EC 345978 Gautam et al (2000) Germplasm for abiotic stresses CropSource Abiotic stress Reference Chinese cabbage EC 345978 Heat Gautam et al (2000) Atriplex EC 319095-96 Salt Yam Sree Priya Sree Subhra Drought Chadha et al (2004) Knolkhol Weismoor, White Forcing Cold Ram H H (2005)

29. DOCUMENTATION  A schematic compilation of whole data  Database a coding system  Provides the linkage among curators, plant breeders and other researchers.  Stimulates germplasm exchange, evaluation and utilization

30. THE INTERNATIONAL LACTUCA DATABASE (ILDB)  Centre for Genetic Resources, Netherlands (CGN)  12,028 accessions (82% of the world holdings)  21 institutions from 17 countries  www.genebank.nl/ildb www.genebank.nl/ildb (Stavelikova 2002)

31. GENETIC DIVERSITY ASSESSMENT Category Regions of Diversity* Total 123456789101112 Tuber and root types 262217-482892655141 Leafy types, shoot, fruit types 5631111-42436291862218 Multi purpose 2238110122629201967181 Total species diversity 10491328110589358631714540 *Regions of diversity (Zeven and deWet 1982) are: 1. Chinese-Japanese, 2. Indo- Chinese-Indonesian, 3. Australian, 4. Hindustani, 5. Central Asian, 6. Near Eastern, 7. Mediterranean, 8. African, 9. European-Siberian, 10. South American, 11. Central American and Mexican, 12. North American (Arora 1985)

32. DISTRIBUTION OF SPECIES DIVERSITY IN DIFFERENT REGIONS OF THE WORLD Leafy vegetables (including tender shoots/sprouts) Region of diversity Vegetables and their wild species Chinese-Japanese region Allium odorum, Chrysanthemum segetum, C. morifolium, C. coronarium, C. sinense, Lactuca denticulata, L. sativa, L. indica, Ipomoea aquatica, Nasturtium indicum, Bambusa beecheyana, Phyllostachys aureosulcata, P. edulis, P. nigra, P. bambusoides, P. makionoi, P. pubescens. Indo-Chinese- Indonesian region Bambusa tulda, B. cornuta, B. vulgaris, B. Spinosa, Dendrocalamus asper, D. hamiltonii var edulis, Gigantochloa scribneriana, G. scortechinii, G. verticillata, G. apus, G. maxima, G. ligulata, Amaranthus cruentus, A. caudatus, A. paniculatus. A. caudatus, A. paniculatus. African region Solanum nigrum, Basella alba, Talinum triangulare, Moringa oleifera, M. stenopetala, Amaranthus dubius, A. gracecizane, A. hybridus, A. spinosus, A. thunbergii, A. gracecizane, A. hybridus, A. spinosus, A. thunbergii, A. viridis, A. cruentus, A. caudatus, Chenopodium album, Nasturtium officinale. Contd….

33. South and Central American region Amaranthus cruentus, A mantegazzianus, Chenopodium nuttalae, Allium kurrat, A. fistulosum, A. porrum, Lotus edulis, Rumex alpinus, R. acetosella, R. obtusifolius, R. patientia, R. scutatus, Portulaca oleracea, Asparagus officinalis, Atriplex hortensis, Abelmoschus manihot, Lepidium latifolium, L. sativum. Root, tuber, bulbous, rhizomatous vegetables Chinese-Japanese region Amorphophallus harmandii, A. rivieri, Allium ramosum, A. nipponicum, A. ledebourianum, A. chinense, A. thunbergii, A. tuberosum, Zingiber mioga, Dioscorea japonica. A. thunbergii, A. tuberosum, Zingiber mioga, Dioscorea japonica. Indo-Chinese- Indonesian and Hindustani region Alocasia cucullata, Amorphophallus campanulatus, Curcuma amada, C. heyneana, Moghania vestita, Dioscorea flabellifolia, D. nummularia, D. alata, D. bulbifera, Coleus parviflorus, Zingiber zerumbet. D. bulbifera, Coleus parviflorus, Zingiber zerumbet. African region Dioscorea colocasiifolia, D. hirtiflora, D. latifolia, D. colocasiifolia, D. abyssinica, D. zara, D. elephantipes, D. esculenta, D. rotundata, D. soso, D. ovinala, Coleus dysentericus, C. edulis, C. dazo. D. ovinala, Coleus dysentericus, C. edulis, C. dazo.

34. Central American and Mexican region Canna edulis, Maranta arundinacea, Ipomoea tiliacea, Xanthosoma caracu, X. jacquinii, X. violaceum. South American region Dioscorea cinnamomifolia, D. piperifolia, D. cayenensis, Xanthosoma mafaffa, X. belophyllum, X. jacquinii, X. violaceum, X. sagiittifolium,Oxalis tuberose. North American region Xanthosoma atroviridis, Maranta arundinacea, Helianthus tuberosus. Fruit-types (mainly cucurbits, Solanum spp., and legumes) Chinese-Japanese & Indo-Chinese- Indonesian regions Momordica cochinchinesis, M. dioeca, Canavalia ensiformis, Mucuna utilis, Psophocarpus tetragonolobus, Moringa oleifera. African region Dolichos malosanus, Coccinea cordifolia, S. nigrum. Mediterranean & European regions Lathyrus latifolius, Lotus edulis. South & Central American regions Sechium edule, Cucurbita foetidissima, Cucumis anguria (Arora 1985, Nath et al 1987, Siemonsma and Piluek 1994, Guarino 1997, IPGRI 2000)

35. DIVERSITY IN INDIAN SUB-CONTINENT S. No. Agro-ecological region Geographical ranges Variability in crops 1. Humid Western Himalayan Region J&K, Himachal Pradesh & Hills of Uttar Pradesh Phaseolus multiflorus, Fenugreek, Amaranth, Sechium edule, Basella rubra, Murraya koenigii 2. Humid Bengal/Assam Basin West Bengal & Assam Amaranth, Sechium edule, Basella rubra, Melothria assamica, Momordica cochinchinesis, Pachyrrhizus erosus 3. Humid Eastern Himalayan Region and Bay Islands Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram, Tripura, Meghalaya, Andaman and Nicobar islands Amaranth, Luffa echinata, Moghania vestita, Sechium edule, Psophocarpus tetragonolobus 4. Sub-humid Sutluj Ganga Alluvial Plains Punjab, Plains of UP & Bihar Fenugreek, M. dioica, M. cochinchinesis Contd….

36. S. No. Agro-ecological region Geographical ranges Variability in crops 5. Humid Eastern and South Eastern Uplands East MP, Orissa and AP Amaranth, Momordica dioica, M. cochinchinesis, Colacasia antiquorum 6. Arid Western Plains Haryana, Rajasthan and Gujarat S. nigrum, Fenugreek, Lepidium sativum 7. Semi-Arid Lava Plateau and Central Highlands Maharashtra and West MP Solanum nigrum, Fenugreek, Amaranth 8. Humid to Semi-Arid Western Ghats and Karnataka Plateau Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Lakshadweep Islands Basella rubra, Amaranth, M. cochinchinensis, Trichosanthes anamalaiensis, T. bracteata, T. cuspidate, Coleus parviflorus (Gupta et al 1995)

37. RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES  International Centre for Under-utilized Crops, London, UK  International Council for Under-utilized Plants (ICUUP), USA  In India, initiated in 1960 at IARI, New Delhi  All India Coordinated Research Project (AICRP), 1982  Guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) – First vegetable

38. Germplasm assembled and evaluated in important under-utilized vegetables Crop No. of accessions Source country of introduced accessions Origin Amaranth3,010 India, Nepal, Malawi, Zambia, Poland, Taiwan, USA South America Chenopod121 India, Poland, USA, Italy, Hungary, USSAR South America Buckwheat335 India, USSR, USA, Hungary, Nigeria, Japan Central Asia, Near Eastern Region Winged bean 328 India, Ghana, Papua New Guinea, Nigeria, Indonesia, Philippines, USA, Thailand, Sri Lanka Papua New Guinea Faba bean 321 USA, Italy, Germany, Israel, Spain, Syria South West Asia, Near East, Mediterranean Jerusalem artichoke 11 France, USA, Canada, Netherlands North America (Paroda et al 1991)

39. Collections in different under-utilized vegetables from Indian gene centre Crop No. of. Accessions Agro-climatic zones Pointed gourd 324 Indogangetic plains, North-eastern region, N-W Himalayas, UP, Bihar, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh Ivy gourd 154 Snake gourd 289 Jack bean 27 Coriander378 Fenugreek183 Broad bean 123 Ginger852 Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Himachal Pradesh Taro440 Western Ghats Yam335 Arrow root 52 Maranta spp. 5 Xanthosma452 Alocasia39 Canna39 (Dhillon et al 2004)

40. Crop No. of collections Centres holding collections Buckwheat540Shimla Chenopods92 Shimla, Lucknow Faba bean 700 Hisar, Delhi Adzuki bean 142 Shillong, Shimla, Bhowali Winged bean 241 Akola, Thrissur Kankoda/Momordica dioca 30 Rahuri, Ranchi Atriplex131Jodhpur GERMPLASM HOLDINGS (Dhillon et al 2004)

41. Status of germplasm holdings (from India) in national genebank CropAccessions NBPGRIIVR Pointed gourd 3200 Teasle gourd 226 Kakrol48 Ivy gourd 515 Ash gourd 9084 (Chadha et al 2004)

42. Germplasm holdings at NBPGR (including introductions) CropAccessionsCropAccessions Ash gourd 515Knolkhol2 Alocasia sp. 6 Teasle gour 11 Broad bean 183 Pointed gourd 328 Chinese cabbage 9 Snake gourd 79 Fenugreek58 Sword bean 25 Ivy gourd 175 Lima bean 7 Kale3 Kumar et al (2004)

43. Genetic resources of tropical tuber crop at CTCRI CropAccessions IndigenousExotic Greater yam 27813 Lesser yam 1086 White yam -258 Taro429- Tannia49 Elephant foot yam 84 Chinese potato 87 Yam bean 63 Arrow root 4 Canna5 Curcuma species 11 Tacca1 Zingiber zerumbet 1 (Chadha et al 2004)

44. Varieties of selected under-utilized vegetables CropVarietyReference Winged bean AKWB-1 Dhillon et al (2004) IIHR Sel. 21, 60, 71 and WBC2 Parthasarathy (1986) Drum stick Palmurungai, Puna Murungai, KM1, PKM1 Peter (1998) Ivy gourd Ghodwal local, Alibag local Arya and Prakash (2002) Sprouting broccoli Palm Samridhi, Punjab Broccoli-1 Arya and Prakash (2002) Amaranthus Canara local, Agaisaim local, CO1-5 Arya and Prakash (2002) Pusa Kiran, Pusa Kirti, Chotichaulai, Badichaulai Peter (1998) Faba bean Vikrant (VH 82-1) Dhillon et al (2004) Pointed gourd FP3, FP4 Hazra and Banerjee (2005)

45. AN OVERVIEW / MAJOR CONCERNS  Suitable ex situ and in situ approaches needed, to conserve genetic diversity  More genetic diversity needs to be collected, characterized and evaluated  To overcome constraints of production of good seed material, plant material, in vitro/tissue- cultured material Contd….

46.  Limited number of species need to be prioritized  To develop a global database  Emphasis on community participatory efforts  To publish regional newsletters, catalogues and dissemination of information by websites, internet etc.