1. COLORIMETRY & SPECTROPHOTOMETR

2. COLORIMETRY & SPECTROPHOTOMETR
Many biochemical experiments involve the measurements of compound or group of compounds present in a complex mixture.

3. COLORIMETRY & SPECTROPHOTOMETR
The most widely used method for determining the concentration of biochemical compounds is colorimetry, which makes use of the property that when white light passes through a colored solution, some wavelength are absorbed more than others.

4. COLORIMETRY & SPECTROPHOTOMETR
Many compounds are not themselves colored but can be made to absorb light in visible region by reaction with suitable reagents.

5. COLORIMETRY & SPECTROPHOTOMETR
These reactions are fairly specific and in most cases very sensitive, so that quantities of material in the region of mM / L concentrations can be measured.

6. COLORIMETRY & SPECTROPHOTOMETR
The big advantage of is that complete isolation of compound is not necessary and the constituents of a complex mixture such as blood can be determined after little treatment.

7. COLORIMETRY & SPECTROPHOTOMETR
The depth of the color is proportional to the concentration of the compound being measured, while the amount of light is proportional to the intensity of the color and hence the concentration.

8. Measurement of Extinction:
The earliest colorimeters relied on the human eye to match the color of a solution with that of one of a series of colored discs. The results obtained were too subjective and not particularly accurate.

9. The Colorimeter:
Colorimeter is generally any tool that characterizes colour samples to provide an objective measure of colour characteristics.
In chemistry, the colorimeter is an apparatus that allows the absorbance of a solution at a particular frequency (colour) of visual light to be determined. Colorimeters hence make it possible to determine the concentration of a known solute, since it is proportional to the absorbance.

10. The Colorimeter:
Different chemical substances absorb varying frequencies of the visible spectrum.
Colorimeters rely on the principle that the absorbance of a substance is proportional to its concentration i.e., a more concentrated solution gives a higher absorbance reading.

11. The Colorimeter:
Filter in the colorimeter is used to select the color of light which the solute absorbs the most, in order to maximize the accuracy of the experiment.
Note that the colour of the absorbed light is the 'opposite' of the colour of the specimen, so a blue filter would be appropriate for an orange substance. Sensors measure the amount of light which has passed through the solution, compared to the amount entering, and a display reads the amount absorbed.

12. The Colorimeter:
A quantitative reading for the concentration of a substance can be found by making up a series of solutions of known concentration of the chemical under study, and plotting a graph of absorbance against concentration. By reading off the absorbance of the specimen substance on the graph, a value for its concentration is found.

13. How colorimeter works?
1- White light from a tungsten lamp passes through a slit, then a condenser lens, to give a parallel beam which falls on the solution under investigation contained in an absorption cell or cuvette. The cell is made of glass with the sides facing the beam cut parallel to each other.
Light source slit condenser cuvette filter photocell galvanometer
lens

14. How colorimeter works?
2- Beyond the absorption cell is the filter, which is selected to allow maximum transmission of the color absorbed. If a blue solution is under examination, then red is absorbed and a red filter is selected.
NOTE: The color of the filter is complementary to the solution.
Light source slit condenser cuvette filter photocell galvanometer
lens

15. How colorimeter works?
3- The light then falls on to a photocell which generates an electrical current in direct proportion to the intensity of light falling on it.
Light source slit condenser cuvette filter photocell galvanometer
lens

16. How colorimeter works?
4- This small electrical signal is increased by the amplifier which passes to a galvanometer of digital readout to give absorbance reading directly.
Light source slit condenser cuvette filter photocell galvanometer
lens

17. How colorimeter works?
Among the simplest and most common colorimeters are the Spectronic 20 and Spectronic 21. They are commonly called the Spec 20 and Spec 21.

18. The Spectrophotometer:
Is a sophisticated type of colorimeter where monochromatic light is provided by prism.
The band with of the light passed by a filter is quite board, so that it may be difficult to distinguish between two components of closely related absorption with a colorimeter. A spectrophotometer is then needed.

20. The Spectrophotometer:
All types require a Blank:
which is a solution that contains the entire reagents except the substance to be measured.
It is used to adjust the device to zero.

21. Here is a summary of the steps of operation of a Spec 20 & spectrophotometer:
1- Power
Turn on power.
2-Warm up
Allow about 5 minutes when first turned on.
3-Wavelength
Select appropriate wavelength.
4- Zero
With sample holder empty and closed, adjust meter needle to 0%T (or infinite A) using zero control knob.

22. Here is a summary of the steps of operation of a Spec 20 & spectrophotometer:
5- Blank
Fill tube half full with water.
Place in sample holder and close cover.
Adjust meter needle to 100%T (or 0 A) using light control knob.

23. Here is a summary of the steps of operation of a Spec 20 & spectrophotometer:
6- Standard (Measure absorbance (or %T) of known solution).
Fill tube half full with sample of known concentration.
Place in sample holder and close cover.
Read absorbance value (or %T) from meter.
Repeat this step if making a calibration curve or verifying proportionality (Beer's Law).

24. Here is a summary of the steps of operation of a Spec 20 & spectrophotometer:
6- Standard (Measure absorbance (or %T) of known solution).
Fill tube half full with sample of known concentration.
Place in sample holder and close cover.
Read absorbance value (or %T) from meter.
Repeat this step if making a calibration curve or verifying proportionality (Beer's Law).
7- Sample
Measure absorbance (or %T) of solution with unknown concentration as in previous step.

25. Types of spectrophotometer:
1- Visible spectrophotometer.
2- Ultraviolet (UV) spectrophotometer.

26. COLORIMETRIC DETERMINATION OF VITAMIN B-12

27. Vitamin B12 - Vitamin B12 is water soluble vitamin.
- RDA= 2.4 µg /day for adult.
- It is found only in animal sources.
Functions:
1- Aids folic acid in synthesis of heme.
2- It prevents anemia.
3- Required for protein digestion and absorption.

28. Read the Optical Density at 555 nm
Unk. 3 4 5 B 1 2
St. Viatamin (ml)
Unk. Vitamin (ml)
Shake Well with vortex
Read the Optical Density at 555 nm
H2O (ml)

29. Results

30. * Calculations CUn. = A Un. × C St.
Absorbance of Unknown Absorbance of Standard =
Concentration of Unknown Concentration of Standard
CUn. = A Un. × C St.
A St.
Samar A. Damiati