1. Substance Abuse Treatment for Adult Offenders: The Prevalence and Access Rates Across Prisons, Jails, and Community Correctional Agencies Faye S. Taxman, Ph.D. Matt Perdoni, M.S. Lana Harrison, Ph.D. Prepared for American Public Health Association November 2007

2. Taxman, F. S., Young, D. W., & Fletcher, B (editors). The National Criminal Justice Treatment Practices Survey: An overview of the special edition. (Pages 221-223) Taxman, F. S., Young, D. W., Wiersema, B., Rhodes, A., & Mitchell, S. National criminal justice treatment practices survey: Methods and procedures. (Pages 225-238) Taxman, F. S., Perdoni, M., & Harrison, L. D. Drug treatment services for adult offenders: The state of the state. (Pages 239-254) Young, D. W., Dembo, R., & Henderson, C. E. A national survey of substance abuse treatment for juvenile offenders. (Pages 255-266) Friedmann, P. D., Taxman, F. S., & Henderson, C. E. Evidence-based treatment practices for drug- involved adults in the criminal justice system. (Pages 267-277) Henderson, C. E., Young, D. W., Jainchill, N., Hawke, J., Farkas, S., & Davis, R. M. Adoption of evidence-based drug abuse treatment practices for juvenile offenders. (Pages 279-290) Grella, C., Greenwell, L., Prendergast, M., Farabee, D., Hall, E., Cartier, J., & Burdon, W. Organizational characteristics of community and correctional treatment providers. (Pages 291-300) Oser, C., Tindall, M. S., & Leukefeld, C. HIV testing in correctional agencies and community treatment programs: The impact of internal organizational structure. (Pages 301-310) Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment Special NCJTP Issue, April 2007, Volume 32(3)

3. Research Partners CJDATS Research Centers National Institute on Drug Abuse George Mason University/Virginia Commonwealth University/University of Maryland, College Park Lifespan Hospital/Brown University NDRI, Inc., Center for the Integration of Research to Practice & Center for TC Research University of Delaware Connecticut Department of MH & Addiction Services University of Kentucky Texas Christian University University of California, Los Angeles University of Miami GMU Stakeholders American Correctional Association American Probation and Parole Association American Jail Association Correctional on Justice Research and Statistics Association Council of Juvenile Corrections Administrators National Criminal Justice Association National Drug Court Professional Association Treatment Accountability for Safer Communities

4. Topics Explored by NCJTP Survey What is the national prevalence of health, substance abuse treatment, and other correctional services for drug involved offenders? prevalence = percentage of facilities providing service How accessible are substance abuse treatment services for offenders? access = percentage of average daily population (ADP) of youth under custody attending service on any given day Do correctional substance abuse treatment programs reflect current research on effective practices? What organizational and individual-level factors impact the use of evidence-based practices?

5. Sample & Survey Information Nationally representative sample of 72 counties, 150 prisons Survey administered via mail Multi-level samples: state agency executives, facility administrators, facility staff Analyses found there were no differences in response rates by geographical region, size of jurisdiction/ facility, or type of organization

6. Adult Offender Population Estimates NCJTP Estimates Prison 1,233,867 Jails 760,513 Parole 908,477 Probation 3,949,089 Other types supervision 1,006,586 The NCJPT Survey estimates that over 1 million adult offenders are involved in community programs (such as pretrial diversion, pre-adjudication drug courts, alternatives to incarceration, etc.) that are typically not included in other national estimates.

7. Prevalence of Basic Services % facilities providing service

8. Prevalence of Health Screening & Services % facilities providing service

9. Use of Standardized Screening Tools Addiction Severity Index is the most frequently used tool; Wisconsin Risk and Need is most frequent risk tool (criminal justice)

10. Provision of Counseling Services % of offenders provided service

11. Prevalence of SA Treatment Services % facilities providing service

12. Prevalence of SA Treatment Referral Strategies % of facilities providing service Most referral strategies are passive where the offender is responsible for contacting the provider on their own

13. Access to SA Treatment Services % ADP in service for facilities reporting service 1/3 of male offenders and 50% of female offenders are classified as having a severe substance abuse Disorder and require intensive services; yet few receive such services

14. General Service Provision Offenders are more likely to receive services in prison, than in the community. Services in the community are premised on a referral model to existing services—yet offenders are unlikely to get access to these services Referral strategies tend to be passive where staff direct offenders, but do not bridge access to services. Correctional system is not prepared to be a service delivery system

15. Substance Abuse Service Provision Nearly 33% of males and 50% of female offenders are substance abuse dependent and require intensive treatment services Yet, drug and alcohol education is the most frequently provided service As services increase in intensity, availability of those services decrease 34.2% of correctional programs include some form of substance abuse treatment as a part of their design; most of these are educationally oriented SA services

16. Some Conclusions & Implications Survey Limitations: Cross-sectional survey Data on programs/services self-reported by administrators (not confirmable) May be subject to over-reporting due to perceived social desirability of answers Conclusions: Need to consider how to develop a delivery system within the correctional settings Needs of offenders outweigh capacity of the system Concerted effort is needed to focus on evidence-based practices and treatments in the criminal justice system