1. America undergoes great changes to their way of life amidst an undercurrent of fear, extravagance, and crime. Chapter 31 – Roaring 20’s (1919-1929)

2. The Red Scare Bolshevik Revolution (1917) creates general anxiety in Americans > crack down on civil liberties  Context of war time strikes…Commies causing it! Red Scare (1919-20) against leftists Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer rounds up 1000s of radicals…Palmer’s home bombed Criminal syndicalism laws: outlawed advocated violence for social change Unions’ closed shops attacked; American Plan (open) Sacco and Vanzetti unjustly tried and executed for murder

3. Nativism KKK makes a comeback in the Midwest and southern “Bible Belt”; nativist in nature  Reaction against new diversity and modernization Tide of new immigrants > rise in xenophobia  Emergency Quota Act of 1921; Immigration Act of 1924  Favored northern Europeans over southern  End of unrestricted immigration Progressives come to the defense of ethnic diversity and cultural pluralism

4. Prohibition 18 th Amendment bans alcohol; enforced by the Volstead Act Ignored American and foreign-born alcohol traditions…and weak enforcement capabilities Public disdain for the law; eastern cities Speakeasies, bootleggers, bathtub gin Smuggled in from Canada and Caribbean Rise of organized crime  Corrupt police, gang wars  Chicago’s Al Capone builds an empire  Rise in other vice industries…prostitution, gambling, drugs, rackets  Lindbergh baby murdered

5. Prohibition exceptions Churches and synagogues could buy and serve sacramental wine at Communion or with a certification from a rabbi. Suddenly, LOTS more wine was being purchased by Catholic, Episcopalian, and other churches and Orthodox congregations. The number of rabbis increased dramatically. Hospitals could order alcohol for cleaning purposes. Suddenly, hospitals that used to order rubbing alcohol by the quart now ordered by the boxcar. Patent medicine had always had a large % of alcohol. That % grew larger. And suddenly, physicians were prescribing LOTS more medicine. Sometimes doctors got a couple dollars kickback for every prescription they wrote for a certain liquor. Industrial use of alcohol was still legal. Suddenly, lots of industries needed lots more alcohol than they used to.

6. Religion vs. Science Fundamentalist Christianity vs Scientific modernism Fundamentalists (bible literalists) decry Darwinist teachings Scopes Monkey trial in TN (1925)  Teacher John Scopes tried for teaching evolution  Scopes defended by Charles Darrow; William Jennings Bryan joins the prosecution team  Scopes founds guilty  Futile win for fundamentalists; cast embarrassing light on their cause  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SlbNlvAKDW8 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SlbNlvAKDW8

7. Mass Consumption New machines, cheap energy, production advancements Growth of the automobile  Assembly line production  Henry Ford's Model T  Frederick W. Taylor’s Scientific Management increases efficiency  Cars’ growth leads to explosion of associated industries  Social change: leisure, gender, commuting and suburbs, family, crime, deaths Advertising Sports…Babe Ruth, Jack Dempsey Buying on credit spurs massive debts

8. Radio and Movies Marconi’s radio revolution Radio used for commercial means Radio knits together families, the nation  Amos n’ Andy Radio’s effect on sports, politics, music Edison’s moving picture Hollywood becomes center of movie industry The first talkie The Jazz Singer starring Al Jolson in blackface  Celebrity culture enters a new phase Americanizing role of movies

9. 1920’s Social Changes Women’s rights  Women’s work  Margaret Sanger’s birth control movement  Alice Paul’s National Women’s Party and an ERA Religion  Fundamentalism losing ground to religious modernity Sexuality commercialized and mainstreamed  Flapper, advertising, Sigmund Freud’s ideas on sexual repression, premarital sexual relations Jazz moves up north from New Orleans Harlem Renaissance argues for a “New Negro”  Langston Hughes’ poetry, Louis Armstrong’s jazz  Marcus Garvey’s United Negro Improvement Association—back to Africa movement

10. Literature New generation of youthful post-war writers  This “Lost Generation” typifies post-war disillusionment  F. Scott Fitzgerald mocks the American ideal Ernest Hemingway’s wartime angst American writers find sanctuary with Gertrude Stein in Paris Poets Ezra Pound, Robert Frost, E.E. Cummings, and T.S. Elliot break new ground Eugene O’Neil’s sexually themed plays Frank Lloyd Wright’s modern architecture

11. Wall Street’s bull market Real estate speculation and failures foreshadows 30’s Stock speculation runs wild  Buying on margin Treasury Secretary Andrew Mellon argues that high taxes burdens the rich; engineers tax cuts Government largely remains pro-Biz after the war