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Russia and Japan: Industrialization Outside the West Stearns Chapter 27
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Chapter Summary Russia and Japan were able to largely repel imperialism but both were still influenced in ways by Europe/foreigners By the end of the 19 th century, each had launched industrial efforts and joined the imperialist scramble Industrialization, however, impacted each differently Russia was hit by a rebellion and revolution Japan isolated itself from the rest of Asia and interacted with the West ot develop while maintaining its identity
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Russia’s Reforms and Industrial Advance
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Russia Before Reform Anti-Westernization backlash following Napoleon’s invasion, 1812 “Holy Alliance” (1815) Romanticism grows because of nationalism Decembrist Revolt, 1825 suppressed by Nicholas I Decembrist Revolt Russia avoids revolutions in 1830, 1848 Territorial expansion at the expense of the Ottomans, Poland
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Economic and Social Problems: The Peasant Question Russia relied on agriculture Pushed peasant class to make more exports few Western goods paraded around by aristocracy Crimean War, 1854 – 1856 West wins with Industrial advantage Tsar Alexander II saw it was time for a change
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The Reform Era and Early Industrialization Emancipation of the serfs, 1861 Serfs able to buy land – gained no political power Taxes were HIGH Migration to cities – productivity stagnant
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Alexander II Reforms Reforms of 1860s, 1870s Zemstvoes Military reform Some educational reform Industrialization Trans-Siberian Railway Count Sergei Witte High tariffs Improved banking system Western investment
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Protest and Revolution in Russia
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The Road to Revolution Intelligentsia – radical educated group Tired of Russia slow development Political freedom and deep social reform BUT maintain Russian culture Anarchists – opposed to tsarist autocracy Growth of terrorist threat
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Assassination of Alexander II
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Leadership dwindles… Increase industrialization with no political reform Repression against: Minority nationalities – Poles and Ukraines Russian language forced Large Jewish repression
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Pogroms of the Russian Crown
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Road to Revolution Marxism rises Vladimir Iilyich Ulyanov (Lenin) and the Bolsheviks Working-class unrest grew intelligentsia Tsarist regime Rural peasants Urban workers
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The Revolution of 1905 Military defeat for Russia Russo-Japanese War Fear of Overexpansion Tsar answers mass demands: Duma Syolypin Reforms
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Discussion Questions: Russia Describe Russian reform and industrialization from 1861 to 1900. What were the forces leading to revolution in Russia by 1905?
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Japan: Transformation without Russia
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The Final Decades of the Shogunate Failing because Regional alliances Tax only agricultural products Stipend pay to samurai Traditional v. reform (western) Rural riots Secular in form Terakoya Schools NATIONALISM Confucianism Reading, writing
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The Challenge to Isolation Commodore Matthew Perry, 1853 Emperor brought out of religious isolation Samurai attack foreigners Mutsuhito pushes for reforms
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Meiji Reform of Japan Abolished feudalism Satsuma Rebellion Final Samurai Uprising, 1877 Expanded state power Expand bureaucracy Diet (Parliament) Emperor Commands Military
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Meiji Reform of Japan, con’t Expand domestic development State sponsored industrialization Private enterprise helps economy – textile, monopolies formed Difficult transition Prevent conflict with West
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Social Effects of Industrialization Increased Class Tension Schooling Science, technical, loyalty State censored Embraced some of the West Ignored some of the West Religion Etiquette (or lack of)
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Diplomatic Effects of Industrialization New expansive militarization Ignore domestic issues Samurai rehired as army Build resources (like America in WWI) Sino-Japanese War, 1894 Easily won Boxer Rebellion, 1900 Russo-Japanese War, 1904 winning
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Russo-Japanese War
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The Strain of Modernization Urbanization All the good and bad Conservatives v. liberals Political divisions Emperor v. Diet Solution NATIONALISM “yellow peril” – fear of Westerners
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Discussion Questions: Japan Describe Japanese reform and industrialization from 1853 to 1900. What social and economic changes took place in Japan as a result of industrialization?
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Compare and Contrast Industrialization in Russia and Japan RussiaJapan
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