1. Accelerator Based Techniques for Air Pollution Studies Across Asia David Cohen, ANSTO, Sydney, Australia dcz@ansto.gov.au http://www.ansto.gov.au/iba

2. Accelerator Based Ion Beam Techniques 2MV STAR Accelerator PIXE, PIGE, RBS, ERDA beamline Beams of high energy ions (p, He, C….) fired into sample surfaces. Interactions with e -  X-rays PIXE (Al-U) nucleus   -rays PIGE (Li, F, Na..)  scattered and recoiled particles RBS,ERDA,RToF (H, C, N, O,..) IBA techniques cover Periodic Table (H to U). Very sensitive (µg/g) on small samples (pg). Fast (<5mins), essentially non destructive as counting individual atoms/ ions/ photons. Have between 100-120 external visitors/ year Interact with all 37 Australian Universities Ions travel few % speed of light through the target

3. Aerosol Sampling Project (ASP) at ANSTO Typically use 10 nA beams of 2.6 MeV protons for IBA Collected over 50,000 filters in 20 years Unexposed Exposed PM2.5 & PM10 samples

4. Four techniques cover most of the periodic table from H to U

5. Asian Sites Hong Kong Manila Hanoi Japan Hong Kong Dust S

6. Sulfate in China July 2003

7. Asian Deserts Source: Kim et al Atmos. Environ., 41(2007)4841-4855.

8. Current IAEA/ RCA PM2.5 Sampling Sites 26 sites in 15 countries sampling every week for 10 years

9. DRUM, ASP, GAS Samplers at Liverpool, NSW DRUMASP31 GAS33

10. Current Trends Since the US EPA introduced PM2.5 goals in July 1997 the world has continued to focus more on fine particle air pollution. US Goals now:- Annual average – 12 µg/m 3, (from Dec 2012) 24 hr max - 35 µg/m 3 (down from 65 µg/m 3 ) Australia Goals:- Annual average- 8 µg/m 3, 24 hr max- 25 µg/m 3 Moved on from just measuring PM2.5 mass to:- Mass composition, (sulfate, organics,....) Source fingerprinting & apportionment Using wind back trajectories to ID source locations We will demonstrate this by examples of new long term PM2.5 data sets from Asia and Australia covering decades of measurements using ion beam analysis (IBA) techniques to quantify and characterise.

11. IAEA Regional Cooperative Agreement – Sampling in Asia 2001-13 Sampling of PM2.5 & PM10 every week for more than 10 years in 14 countries

12. Locations of Deserts and Coal Fired Power Stations in East Asia

13. IAEA/ RCA Fine PM2.5 Mass by Country 2001-13 US EPA PM2.5 goals – 12 µg/m 3 annual average (green line) – 35 µg/m 3 24 hr max (red line)

14. IAEA/RCA Fine PM2.5 Soil by Country 2001-13 China, India, Mongolia and Pakistan have soil problems mainly associated with desert dusts at certain times of the year.

15. There were 117 days with soil at Hanoi > 10 µg/m 3. The annual average = 5.6 µg/m 3.

16. 12 Desert Regions in China 2001-13 70-75% of soil above 10 µg/m 3 at Hanoi came from the Gobi desert between 2001-13. 1,000km

17. IAEA/ RCA Fine PM2.5 Sulfate by Country 2001-13 Clearly China, Malaysia, Mongolia and Vietnam have fine sulfate problems.

18. There were 99 days with ammonium sulfate at Hanoi > 33 µg/m 3. The annual average = 15.7µg/m 3.

19. 29 Coal Fired Power Stations in Eastern China 50-55% of sulfate above 33 µg/m 3 at Hanoi from power stations at 3, 6, 7, 20 between 2001-13. 1,000km

20. ANSTO PM2.5 Sampling Sites around NSW Square boxes represent the 8 coal fired power stations in NSW burning 25 MT of coal per year. More than 10 PM2.5 sampling sites in NSW some operating for more than 15 years

21. Summary ANSTO now has significant datasets for Australia and for Asia, using IBA > 20 chemical species/ filter. Australia – 28 PM2.5 sites, 18,100 sampling days. Asia - 14 countries PM2.5/PM10, 11,490 sampling days. Nuclear techniques are ideal for generating large data sets containing many elements needed for CMB and PMF modeling techniques. 20-40 elements is not uncommon. The larger the number of elements the better the sources are characterised. Generally nuclear analytical methods are accurate, precise, fast and non destructive on microgram samples. The larger the data sets (more samples) the better the statistical techniques (PCA, CMB, PMF) perform.