1. CONNOR WALDRON + STEPHEN WALKER MRS. GEITHNER P1 12/10/12 Ice Core Data

2. Background Info Ice core  sample removed from ice sheet From the ice caps of Antarctica  Greenland  or from high mountain glaciers (Citation 3). Lower layers  are older than upper  ice core contains ice formed over a range of years (Citation 3).

3. Background Info Cont. 98% of Antarctic  covered by the ice sheet  2,500 meters thick  deepest location, 4,700 meters thick (Citation 3). Ice sheet formed by accumulation of snow  by drilling from the surface down  we are drilling back in time. Obtained with  PICO electro-mechanical drill

6. How Does This Affect the Climate? 130,000-125,000 years ago  warming period 1◦c- 2◦c warmer than now  called an inter-glacial (Citation 1). 120,000-20,000 years ago  long cooling period  called the Wisconsin Period  last Great Ice Age (Citation 1). 19,000-15,000 years ago  another warming period  to next inter-glacial (which we are in) (Citation 1). Inter Glacial today  one of many reasons for global warming  mostly due to humans

7. What are Isotopes? Many quantities have been measured in ice cores to make conclusions about earths history  such as oxygen isotope ratios  carbon dioxide (citation 6). concentration  methane concentration  electrical conductivity  and dust particle concentration. Atoms of the same element have different numbers of neutrons  The different possible versions of each element are called isotopes. Two types  O16 and O18  O16 reacts faster because  O18 contains 2 more neutrons Able to tell if climate changes when  O18 increases in ocean water  sign of warming period

8. Carbon Dioxide CO2 in the Ice Core Record For the first time in 400,000 years  CO2 is at 390 parts per million  continuing to rise at 2 parts per million (ppm) per year (Citation 5). http://nicl-smo.unh.edu/video/index.shtml

9. Works Cited Jouzel, J., R. D. Koster, R. J. Suozzo, G. L. Russell. 1994. Stable water isotope behavior during the last glacial maximum: A general circulation model analysis. Journal of Geophysical Research, 99: 25791-25802. Antarctic Ice Cores and Environmental Change. Dr. T.H. Jacka, 1993. Web. 5 Dec. 2012.. "Ice Cores." Climate Data Information. N.p., 2010. Web. 6 Dec. 2012.. "New Antarctic Ice Core Data: A Closer Look." New Ice Core Data: A Closer Look. N.p., 30 May 2000. Web. 6 Dec. 2012.. "CO2 in the Ice Core Record." National Ice Core Laboratory Science Management Office. Dr. Richard Alley, n.d. Web. 10 Dec. 2012.. "Isotopes." Isotopes and Radioactivity. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Dec. 2012..