1. AO-FVCOM Development: A System Nested with Global Ocean Models Changsheng Chen University of Massachusetts School of Marine Science, USA http://fvcom.smast.umassd.edu/ Contributors: Guoping Gao, Zhigang Lai, Yu Zhang (UMASSD) Robert C. Beardsley and Andrey Proshutinsky (WHOI)

2. Outline 1.Review of critical needs for a model to resolve multi-scale processes over the Arctic Ocean; 2.Updated development of unstructured grid Finite-Volume Community Ocean Model system in the Arctic Ocean (AO- FVCOM); 3.Examples of applications of AO-FVCOM nested with Global- FVCOM; 1.Procedure of the long-term simulation for 1978-present; 2.Summary

3. Two Critical Issues: 1.Multi-scale dynamics: Basin- shelf interaction, convection via advection, etc. 2.Open boundary connected to the North Atlantic Ocean and Pacific Ocean Basin scale Basin-shelf interaction Coastal process Nested boundary

4. Hydrostatic Non-hydrostatic Large-scale motion in which the vertical motion is at least one order of magnitude smaller than the horizontal motion. Vertical convection, over-turning, and high frequency internal waves are not resolved. Small-scale motion in which vertical motion is the same order of the horizontal motion. Vertical convection, over-turning, and high frequency internal waves can be resolved. Ocean Model Dynamics ~1 ~1000 km ~ a few meters

5. Large Domain Small Domain In the ocean, Because Δx s ≠ Δx L ; Δy s ≠ Δy L ; The surface gravity wave speed propagating from the small domain is not equal at the nesting boundary. Energy accumulation at the boundary ! Numerical error speed

6. FVCOM-Main Code Cartesian/Spherical Coordinates Modules of FVCOM 3.1 3-D Wet/Dry Treatment General Ocean Turbulence Model (GOTM) 3-D Sediment Model Generalized Biological Model Water Quality Models Multi OB Radiations Forcings: Tides (Equilibrium+ O.B.) Winds, Heat flux, Precipitation/Evaporation River discharges, Groundwater O.B. fluxes Lagrangian-IBM MPI Parallel NetCDF Output GUI Post-process Tools Ice model Nudging/OI Assimilation Ensemble/Reduced Kalman Filters North Pole Nested System Adjoint Assimilation Surface Wave Model Model Field Sampling Multiple Nesting ViSiT Monitoring Existing Modules Under Development Key: Non-hydrostatic Solver: Mode-split or semi-implicit; 2-D and 3-D

7. Common boundary Non-hydrostatic process Unstructured nesting approach: Mass conservation Unstructured grid

8. One-way Nesting (implemented) 1.The nesting boundary consists of the boundary nodes and triangles connected to the boundary nodes; 2.The model output includes all variables at boundary nodes and velocities in the triangle cells 3.A nesting file with inclusion of boundary node and cell index is pre-defined when the nesting approach is used 4.The nested domain model runs with the nesting file as the boundary forcing Disadvantage: 1.Two meshes are required for master and nested domains; 2. The operation is just like running two models.

9. Patched grid: Two-way Nesting (under development)

10. Two-way Nesting Main domain Local subdomain Main domain Local subdomain The main domain uses the interior meshes of the local subdomain as the boundary,while the local subdomain uses the interior meshes of the main domain as the boundary.

11. Global-FVCOM (5-50 km) AO-FVCOM (0.5-50 km) Nested Canadian Archipelago (0.5-1.0 km) The AO-FVCOM system nested with Global-FVCOM

12. Examples of Global-FVCOM Simulation Results

15. 9/21/10Chen, Gao (UMASSD), Beardsley (WHOI) Observed (Averaged over 1979-94) AO-FVCOM/UG-CICE March September The sea ice concentration

16. 9/21/10Chen, Gao (UMASSD), Beardsley (WHOI) MarchSeptember The NSIDC data show the averaged drifting velocity over 1979-94 FVCOM model results were obtained with the climatologic forcing condition averaged over 1979-94

17. Coarse grid (10-50 km)Finer grid (1.0-25 km) Examination of the impact of horizontal resolution on currents

18. Monthly averaged currents at 400 m (summer) Coarse grid

19. Monthly averaged currents at 400 m (summer) Finer grid

20. 9/21/10Chen, Gao (UMASSD), Beardsley (WHOI) Coarse ResolutionFiner Resolution Annually averaged along-slope currents at 152 o W around the Alaska coast

21. Bering Strait, Chukchi Sea and Alaska coast Coarse grid Finer grid Annual mean vertically averaged currents in the depths of 0-50 m Transports across Bering Strait: 0.8 Sv for the coarse grid case 1.1 Sv for the finer grid case

22. Canadian Archipelago Annual mean vertically averaged currents in the depths of 0-50 m Coarse grid Finer grid

24. On-going Work 1.Run Global-FVCOM from 1978-2010 with inclusion of data assimilation of SST, SSH, T/S profiles-compare the results for currents and ices. 2.AO-FVCOM nested with Global-FVCOM experiments, to examine the need of horizontal resolution to the Arctic Ocean 3.Conduct the process studies to study the ice-current interaction.

26. Which mechanism causes the variation of slope current and how can we improve the simulation of the slope current in the Arctic Ocean model? Gao’s thesis work: 1.Advection vs convection 2.Tide rectification and mixing 3.Wind forcing Slope currents vary to different external and internal forcing. Ice formation is one of the most significant seasonal signal in the Arctic Ocean. Its associated processes may play essential roles on variation of slope current. 4.Convection vs Baroclinic instability and eddy formation Q Ice cover tide Brine Eddy formation tide

27. 1.In order to identify and understand the important contribution of convection and baroclinic instability processes to slope current, a 3-D experiments will be carried out with a specified Arctic Ocean model through nesting approach in FVCOM. The dynamic processes in the intensify zone will be simulated with high resolution NH-FVCOM with nesting to the large scale Arctic Ocean model. Gao’s thesis work (Three-dimensional experiments)

28. Summary 1.AO-FVCOM nested with Global-FVCOM provides a new model tool to examine multi-scale responses of the Arctic to climate change. 2.Comparisons between the coarse and fine resolution AO-FVCOM suggest a need for the high-resolution model to resolve the basin- shelf interaction.