2. Eliseo Lugo III

3. By the end of this unit, students will be able to: 1. Demonstrate a thorough understanding of how the campaign for civil rights picked up pace following World War 2. 2. Explain how the Supreme Court outlawed segregation in the nation’s schools and played an integral role during the Civil Rights era. 3. Describe the underlying reasons why African-Americans boycotted the buses in Montgomery, Alabama. 4. Analyze and describe Martin Luther King’s use of non-violent protest to gain equal rights. 5. Demonstrate an understanding as to why the civil rights movement broke up into several groups 6. Exhibit an in depth understanding of the achievements and failures of the civil rights movement.

4.  This is a case about a young black man named Homer Plessy who was riding on a train headed north.  When the train crossed the Mason Dixie line, he was told by the train conductor to move to the back of the train.  Plessy refused and was removed from the train.  He sued the train company.

5.  The Supreme Court Case ruled in Plessy vs. Ferguson that segregation was ok as long as ‘separate but equal’ facilities were provided.  In the early 1900’s Jim Crow Laws enforced the separation of the races in most areas including schools, hospitals, public transportation, restaurants and theatres.

6. Plessy vs. Ferguson

7.  During the Progressive Era W.E.B. Dubois and Jane Addams founded the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People or the NAACP with the goals of eradicating racial prejudice and securing complete equality under the law.  In 1938, Thurgood Marshall became the head of the NAACP’s legal section.  A brilliant lawyer, Marshall utilized his knowledge of the constitution to attack segregation.  Marshall’s ultimate goal was integration of the races.  Integration would come slowly. The first would be in sports when Jackie Robinson was the first African-American to play in Major League baseball.  In 1948, President Truman ordered the full integration of the military.

8.  Thurgood Marshall’s next victory would arrive with the Supreme Court case of Brown vs. Board of Education.  A little girl wanted to go to a school that was close to her house instead of walking miles away to a school that was not adequate.  Her father took the case to court and won.  The judge ruled that separate was not equal.

9. "We come then to the question presented: Does segregation of children in public schools solely on the basis of race, even though the physical facilities and other "tangible" factors may be equal, deprive the children of the minority group of equal educational opportunities? We believe that it does...We conclude that in the field of public education the doctrine of 'separate but equal' has no place. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal. Therefore, we hold that the plaintiffs and others similarly situated for whom the actions have been brought are, by reason of the segregation complained of, deprived of the equal protection of the laws guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment.

10. , "...if the colored children are denied the experience in school of associating with white children, who represent 90 percent of our national society in which these colored children must live, then the colored child's curriculum is being greatly curtailed. The Topeka curriculum or any school curriculum cannot be equal under segregation."

11. De Jure Segregation  Based on a state law  The Plessy v. Ferguson case was an example of this type of segregation.  The law states it is ok to segregate. De Facto Segregation  Certain factors cause segregation  Economic Conditions  Housing patterns

12.  Occurred in Montgomery, Alabama 1955  Racism and segregation were causing tensions to grow further between blacks and whites during this period  It Followed the Brown vs. Board of Education decision of 1954 that stated separate schools for separate races was inherently unequal

13.  Black passengers filled bus from back  Driving staff abused black passengers verbally & physically  Blacks were last to leave the bus

14.  Rosa Parks, member of NAACP, refused to give up her seat to a white passenger and is arrested  Martin Luther King Jr. led 381 day boycott of Montgomery buses  Black community formed network of carpools and informal taxi services  Community leaders organized group called Montgomery Improvement Association

15.  Ended December 21, 1956  U.S. Supreme Court ruled segregated bus system was unconstitutional  Violence still continued  Boycott marked success for African Americans and King at a national level  Non-violent resistance

16. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. began to establish himself as the national leader of the civil rights movement, leading boycotts and staging protests against segregation in the South.

17. King, inspired by Gandhi's non- militant stance, began to advocate nonviolent protest. He began to travel and speak, making an average of 208 speeches per year.

18. King’s mission was to empower his people. His platform was:  We can stick together.  Our leaders do not have to sell out.  Threats and violence do not intimidate us.  We believe in ourselves.  Economics is part of our struggle.  We have a powerful weapon: non-violent resistance.  We as Negroes have arrived!

19.  African American churches play a big role in the success of the boycott, through being the center of forums, planning, and organization  SCLC,(Southern Christian Leadership Conference) led by Dr. King, challenged segregation of public transportation,, housing, voting, and other public accommodations

20.  Eisenhower was the 1 st president since Reconstruction to send troops to protect the rights of African Americans  Little Rock Arkansas, President Eisenhower sends federal troops to protect African Americans from angry mobs surrounding desegregated schools  Civil Rights Act of 1957 – protected African Americans’ right to vote – 1 st step in bringing the federal government into the civil rights debate

21.  Students established the SNCC as a way to organize for the civil rights movement  Marion Barry and John Lewis – early SNCC leaders  Robert Moses points out that rural African Americans needed help along with those in urban areas  Many SNCC volunteers were beaten and some were even killed  Fannie Lou Hamer – SNCC volunteer who is beaten in police custody in Mississippi – helps organize the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party

22.  1960 – 4 African Americans stage a sit-in at Woolworth’s – led to a mass movement for civil rights using sit-ins across the nation  Jesse Jackson – leader of sit-ins in North Carolina – felt it gave them the power to change things

23.  CORE (Congress of Racial Equality)leader James Farmer asks protesters to travel South to integrate bus terminals – teams become known as the Freedom Riders  Violence erupts in Alabama – televised violence shocks many Americans  Kennedy compelled to control violence

24. Kennedy campaigned for civil rights – African Americans helped get him elected Once in office he became very cautious on civil rights and avoided new legislation Robert Kennedy, his brother, actively supported civil rights Attempted to reach agreements – riders asked to stop protesting CORE uses funds to bail riders out of jail – NAACP helps to let the rides continue Kennedy responds – Interstate Commerce Commission to increase regulations against segregation at bus terminals – segregation ends by 1962 1962 – James Meredith (African Americans air force veteran) attends University of Mississippi, but needs troops to guard him. King, frustrated with the movement, holds demonstrations in Alabama that incite violence in order to force the president to act

25. Kennedy announces his civil rights bill on national television King marches 200,000 demonstrators to the nations capital to stage a peaceful rally in order to pressure Congress into passing the bill Senators filibuster the bill, Congress unable to pass the bill After Kennedy’s assassination, Johnson commits himself to passing the bill It eventually passes: Gave federal government broad power to stop racial discrimination in segregation of public places Bring lawsuits against school segregation Required employers to end discrimination in the workplace

26.  Civil Rights Act didn’t protect voting rights – Many African Americans were prevented from voting in the South  Protest staged in Selma, Alabama – march for freedom stopped by 200 state troopers and protesters are attacked – Bloody Sunday  1965 – Voting Rights Act of 1965  Federal examiners to register qualified voters  Bypassed local officials in the voter registration process  Resulted in 250,000 newly registered African Americans

27.  Racism was still common after the 50s and 60s  Economic and social problems = difficult to address  1965-1968 – race riots break out in many American cities:  Watts riots – lasted 6 days  Detroit riots – US Army sent in to retake control

28.  Kerner Commission created to make recommendations to prevent further urban riots  Concluded that the problems lied within white society and white racism  Recommendation: 2 million new jobs and 6 million new units of public housing  Due to concerns over Vietnam President Johnson never endorses the recommendation

29.  Dr. King begins to shift his focus onto improving economic conditions for African Americans  Chicago Movement – effort to call attention to the deplorable housing conditions in Chicago  Dr. King moves into the slums of Chicago with his family  King marched through the white suburbs and was protected with police from Mayor Richard Daley  Daley and King propose new program to clean up the slums

30.  Many African Americans sought out new strategies of self defense and living free from whites  Black Power – 2 meanings:  Physical self-defense and violence  Stokely Carmichael – control the economic, social, and political direction of their struggle for equality  Opposed assimilation – popular in poor neighborhoods – Dr. King and others were very critical of black power

31.  Malcolm X – symbol of black power movement – part of the Nation of Islam (believed that African Americans should separate themselves from whites and form their own self-governing communities)  Malcolm X later breaks away from the Nation of Islam and begins to believe in an integrated society  1965 – 3 members of the Nation of Islam assassinate Malcolm X  Victimized by the past, but don’t need to be victimized now by racism  Formation of the Black Panthers  New generation of militant black youth  Black power, black nationalism, and economic self-sufficiency  Black Panthers believed that a revolution was necessary to gain equal rights.

32.  Late 1960s – Civil Rights movement fragmented into many competing organizations  Assassination of Dr. King led to national mourning as well as riots in over 100 cities  After Dr. King’s death, Congress passes the Civil Rights Act of 1968 which contained provisions for fair and equitable housing

33.  The civil rights movement was an epic chapter in American history.  It aimed to give African Americans the same citizenship rights as whites.  In the 1960s, it achieved impressive judicial and legislative victories against discrimination in public accommodations and voting.  It had less complete but still considerable success in combating job and housing discrimination.  Those best able to take advantage of new opportunities were middle-class blacks— the teachers, lawyers, doctors, and other professionals who had served as role models for the black community.  Their departure for formerly all-white areas left all-black neighborhoods segregated not only by race but now also by class.  The problem of poverty, compounded by drugs, crime, and broken families, was not solved by the civil rights movement.  Dr. Martin Luther King "I Have A Dream" Speech Dr. Martin Luther King "I Have A Dream" Speech