1. Development

3. Developmental psychology –Nature versus nurture –Continuity and stages –Stability and change

4. a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span.

6. Conception

7. Zygote Embryo Fetus

8. the fertilized egg, it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo.

9. the developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month.

10. the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth.

11. Placenta Teratogens Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

12. agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm. Literally means “monster maker”

13. physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman’s heavy drinking. In severe cases, signs include a small, out-of- proportion head and abnormal facial features.

14. Reflexes Habituation Novelty-preference procedure Sensation and perception

15. A reflex is an involuntary reaction or response, such as swallowing. Reflexes are inborn, not learned, and they occur automatically. Reflexes include: –Grasping –Rooting –Sucking –Swallowing –The Moro reflex (Spreading limbs for balance) –The Babinski reflex (sticking up big toe)

16. decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner.

18. biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience.

19. Brain development Pruning process

20. Motor development –Learning to walk

21. Infantile amnesia

22. Cognition Jean Piaget –SchemaSchema –AssimilationAssimilation –AccommodationAccommodation

23. all mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.

24. a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information.

25. interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas.

26. adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information.

28. Sensorimotor Stage –Object permanenceObject permanence “out of sight, out of mind”

29. in Piaget’s theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities.

30. the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived.

31. Sensorimotor Stage –Baby Physics –Baby Math

32. Preoperational StagePreoperational Stage –ConservationConservation

33. in Piaget’s theory, the stage (from 2 to about 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic.

34. the principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects.

35. in Piaget’s theory, the preoperational child’s difficulty taking another’s point of view.

36. Theory of Mind

37. people’s ideas about their own and other’s mental states – about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict.

38. a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by significant deficiency in communications and social interaction, and by rigidly fixated interests and repetitive behaviors.

39. Concrete Operational Stage

40. in Piaget’s theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events.

41. Formal Operational Stage –Abstract concepts

42. in Piaget’s theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts.

44. Vygotsky –Scaffolding- directing learning through steps –Zone of proximal development- difference between what a learner can do without help and what he or she can do with help

46. the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age.

47. Attachment –Body contact Harry Harlow’s studies

48. an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation.

49. Familiarity Critical period Imprinting

50. an optimal period early in the life of an organism when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces normal development. Theorists who believe in critical periods believe that children who do not get special stimulation during their window of receptivity are going to be "stuck" forever and never gain the abilities they should have gained in that period.

51. the process by which certain animals form strong attachments during an early-life critical period.

52. similar to critical period but lack of stimulation during the period does not cause a person to get “stuck” in the period

53. Ainsworth’s “strange situation” –Secure attachment –Insecure attachment

54. Temperament –Easy, difficult & slow to warm up babies

55. a person’s characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity.

56. Erikson’s Basic trust Basic trust

57. according to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers.

58. Early deprivation of attachment Disruption of attachment

59. Self-concept –Self-esteem –Self - awareness

60. all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, “Who Am I?”

61. Parenting styles (Baumrind) –Authoritarian –Permissive –Authoritative Correlation versus causation

62. Differences in child-rearing from culture to culture –Family self

64. Gender –Influences on social development

65. the socially constructed roles and characteristics by which a culture defines male and female.

66. Gender and aggression –AggressionAggression Physical versus relational aggression Gender and social power Gender and social connectedness

67. physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy.

68. Gender Role –RoleRole

69. a set of unexpected behaviors for males or for females.

70. a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave.

71. Gender and child -rearing –Gender identity –Gender typingGender typing Social learning theory Transgender

72. our sense of being male or female.

73. the acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role.

74. the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished.

75. an umbrella term describing people whose gender identity or expression differs from that associated with their birth sex.

77. the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence.

78. Puberty Brain development –Myelin growth

79. Piaget’s formal operations

80. Lawrence Kohlberg –Preconventional morality –Conventional morality –Postconventional morality

82. Moral Intuition Moral action

83. Forming an identity –IdentityIdentity –Social identitySocial identity –IntimacyIntimacy

84. our sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent’s task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles.

85. the “we” aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to “Who am I?” that comes from our group memberships.

86. in Erikson’s theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood.

88. Parent and peer relationships

89. for some people in modern cultures, a period from the late teens to mid- twenties, bridging the gap between adolescent dependence and full independence and responsible adulthood.

91. Sex chromosomes –X chromosomeX chromosome –Y chromosomeY chromosome Sex hormones –TestosteroneTestosterone

92. the sex chromosome found in both men and women. Females have two X chromosomes; males have one. An X chromosome from each parent produces a female child.

93. the sex chromosome found only in males. When paired with an X chromosome from the mother, it produces a male child.

94. the most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty.

95. Puberty –Primary sexual characteristicsPrimary sexual characteristics menarche –Secondary sexual characteristicsSecondary sexual characteristics –Spermarche and Menarche

96. the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing.

97. the body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that makes sexual reproduction possible.

98. the first menstrual period.

99. nonreproductive sexual characteristics, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair.

102. Intersex Androgyny

103. Sexually transmitted diseases AIDS (acquired immune syndrome)AIDS Human Papilloma Virus (HPV)

104. a life threatening, sexually transmitted infection caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). AIDS depletes the immune system, leaving the person vulnerable to infections.

105. Teenage pregnancy rates Environmental factors –Minimal communications about birth control –Guilt related to sexual activity –Alcohol use –Mass media norms of unprotected promiscuity

106. Sexual orientation –Homosexual orientation –Heterosexual orientation –Bisexual orientation Statistics Difficulties Environment and sexual orientation

107. an enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one’s own sex (homosexual orientation), the other sex (heterosexual orientation), or both sexes (bisexual orientation).

108. Same-sex attraction in other species Gay-straight brain differences Genetic influences Prenatal influences Gay-straight trait differences

109. Physical changes in middle adulthood –MenopauseMenopause

110. the time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines.

111. Physical changes in later life –Strength and stamina –Sensory abilities –Health –The aging bran Neurocognitive disorders

112. Recall versus recognition

113. Cross-Sectional Evidence –Cross-sectional studyCross-sectional study Longitudinal Evidence –Longitudinal studyLongitudinal study Terminal decline

114. a study in which people of different ages are compared with one another.

115. research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period.

116. Midlife transition Social clock

117. the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement.

118. Love Work

119. Well-being across the life span Death and dying