1. MATURE FIELDS LTRO CAPABILITY
POWERED BY POSEIDON
A LEAP ENERGY TECHNOLOGY PLATFORM

2. POSEIDON™ is an innovative solution developed for complex, high well count mature oil and gas fields. POSEIDON™ Modules: POSEIDON™ DATASCAN POSEIDON™ ALLOCATION POSEIDON™ ANALYTICS POSEIDON™ REMAINING OIL POSEIDON™ PREDICTION

3. DATA INTEGRITY ASSESSMENT PRODUCTION FORECASTING
Why Locate The Remaining Oil (LTRO) workflow? A low-cost effective solution for accelerated identification of opportunities
Problem statement:
Large number of wells (100+), 30+ years of production, multiple zones, displacement mechanism (gas, water), data reliability issues
Generate remaining oil maps, opportunity database of BCO (behind casing opportunities), Infill and re-perforation, complete with an assessment of geology, production allocation issue.
DATA INTEGRITY ASSESSMENT
ZONAL ALLOCATION
REMAINING OIL MAPS
OPPORTUNITY
IDENTIFICATION
PRODUCTION FORECASTING
6-10 weeks turn-around time
Cost and time effective solution

4. Traditional Analytical methods
Compliant Remaining Oil Mapping
A significant step up from traditional analytical methods
Locating and quantifying remaining oil pools without full physics simulation
Traditional Analytical methods
STATIC
MODEL
REALISATIONS
STOIIP - bubble map
Material Balance
Compliant Mapping Methods
INNOVATION SPACE
Applicable for a fields with edge aquifer and/or gas cap are the main driving mechanisms, defined thinner flow units, penetrations/perforation across full reservoir section
ROCM
Remaining Oil Compliant Mapping
Fully Diffuse or Mixed-segregated 3 phase saturation mapping methods
REMAINING OIL POTENTIAL ASSESSMENT
Suitable for fields with thick reservoir units, bottom drive water and/or gas cap expansion
Limited penetration/perforation configuration
Full static-dynamic HM cycle
STATIC
MODEL
DYNAMIC
HISTORY MATCHED
MODEL
REALISATIONS
REALISATIONS

5. A significant acceleration to identify by-passed oil A case study with a giant, complex oil and gas field in Malaysia.
Top 3 largest oil and gas field in Malaysia, oil rim with large gas caps and aquifer of varying strength.
30+ years of production, depletion mechanism combination of gas cap expansion, gas-re-injection and aquifer influx. High heterogeneity (1-1000’s mD range)
~300 production and injection wells, 150 historically active strings at L15-16 level
Initial Mobile Oil Thickness Map
B.M. Baruah & K. S. Cheng: ”Water Injection in Brown Field: Never Too Late”, Offshore Technology Conference, Kuala Lumpur- Malaysia, March 2014.
Permeability distribution (mD)
Legacy model from incoming operator upon transition:
500k active cells, study dated (2 years)

6. Time to generate matching remaining oil maps with 100+ wells?
POSEIDON vs. Commercial Simulator Validation of STOIP distribution evolution using simulator matched results as a complex synthetic dataset (~150 active oil producers & gas injectors)
Time Step: 2 4 1 3
POSEIDON TM
SIMULATOR
Time to generate matching remaining oil maps with 100+ wells?
<1 week
3-9+ months
STOIP (scm)
Low High

7. >80% accuracy achieved in less than 10% of the time
POSEIDON vs. Commercial Simulator Comparison of expected target volumes allows to quantify the accuracy of the RCOM mapping to 80+% accuracy in a complex simulation scenario
Last Time Step
POSEIDON TM
SIMULATOR
Area 2
Area 2
>80% accuracy achieved in less than 10% of the time
Area 1
Area 1
Area 3
Area 3
Area 5
Area 5
Area 4
Area 4
Experience. Expertise. Technology

8. Experience. Expertise. Technology
Commercial Simulator How accurate are the simulation results with complex mature fields ?
Field Level
HM Quality
Well Level
Experience. Expertise. Technology

9. Experience. Expertise. Technology
POSEIDON REMAINING OIL COMPLIANT MAPPING Excellent match quality achieved to the synthetic production and volumes in place – RCOM allows to achieve a combined match of local saturations and overall volume distribution
Water Saturation
Gas Saturation
STOIP, GIP & Ave Sw
STOIP Cross Plot
GIP Cross Plot
Achieving convincing matches across range of local and global objective functions
Experience. Expertise. Technology

10. POSEIDON – Remaining Oil Compliant Mapping How does it work?
Production Data
Remaining Oil Maps
Next Time Step
Fractional Flow Inversion
Saturation at wells is inverted from production data based on each well’s fractional flow.
Simulation
Fractional Flow Matching
ROCM ENGINE
Stream Velocity Calculation
Material Balance
SEARCH ENGINE
Saturation MaPpING
Dynamic
Stream velocity map is generated based on sinks-sources interactions
( injectors, producers, aquifer influx )
Geology
Incorporation of geological understanding (porosity, perm trends, channels, etc) in determining preferred flow paths
Simultaneously, running flow paths-based saturation mapping engine while optimising matches of fractional flows and volumes
Experience. Expertise. Technology

11. POSEIDON ROCM Illustration of saturation mapping iteration search
X(Cell) Sw
Injector I
Well W
Water saturation (Sw) Cross section, Time-step N
Sw Map Time-step N
Sw profile Time-step N+1
Sw area map Time-step N+1 I W
X(Cell) Sw
Saturation known at producer
Saturation known at injector
Iteration 1
Iteration 2
Iteration 3
Iteration n
MATCH !

12. Reservoir Management & FRMR Process Current Practice vs ROCM Mapping
In absence of history-matched dynamic models… a step change for Reservoir Management
Build bubble maps overlaying STOIIP density with current or last known production status (Oil Rate, GOR, WCT…) OR
Utilize the ROCM mapping engine in POSEIDON
The PROBLEM
For most mature complex fields, there is no continuously updated simulation model for all reservoir units – so the ‘ideal solution isn’t available’
Spatial identification and volumetric quantification of reservoir remaining potential not straightforward with classical maps and current/last know production status (GOR, WCT, Oil Rate)
The BENEFIT…
Average saturation maps obtainable vs. time and at last known production, compliant to well fractional flow and material balance
Remaining Oil and mobile oil in place, target identification based on multiple criteria
Rapidly update the portfolio of opportunities, inclusive of Behind Casing Opportunity (BCO), Infill and Idle well rejuvenation

13. PREDICTION AND FORECASTING
How to improve the reliability of prediction of future activities
POSEIDON™ ANALYTICS
Develop a machine-learning based prediction of past well and reservoir performance
Generate a robust predictive model, complete with uncertainty assessment

14. Predicting EUR per well in mature field Creaming curves vs Predictive analytics
Traditional creaming curve
Predictive analytics with ROCM access
Colours = grouping based on STOIIP (at 1989 – initial resource density)
Used to improve fitting quality
Access to time-step maps of remaining oil, saturation etc..
Experience. Expertise. Technology

15. Experience. Expertise. Technology
Predicting EUR per well in mature field Creaming curves vs Predictive analytics in the specific project example showing hoe the model can be tuned to improve predictability
R^2 = 0.7
Clear improvement of predictability of recent, lower EUR wells
Experience. Expertise. Technology

16. Experience. Expertise. Technology
Predictive analysis – methodology Leveraging the timestep-based remaining oil assessment for predictive analytics Without these, the prediction is much poorer
Initial state geological properties
ROCM Maps and associated properties: So, Sw, MOIP
Maturity, production time, pressure
𝐸𝑈𝑅=𝑓(𝑆𝑜,𝑆𝑤, 𝑀𝑂𝐼𝑃, …,𝐾𝐻, 𝑀𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑦,…)
Parameterized EUR function utilizes production maturity, geology and dynamic arrays from ROCM.
Parameterized EUR function contains set of fitting parameters which is trained and tested on historical training dataset.
Experience. Expertise. Technology

17. Infill and Behind-Casing opportunity quantification Leveraging the timestep-based remaining oil assessment for predictive analytics, POSEIDON generates estimated production characteristics of future activities, based on historical performance
Initial state geological properties
ROCM Maps and associated properties: So, Sw, MOIP
Maturity, production time, pressure
Automated Infills quantification
Automated BCO identification
Automated BCO quantification
List of BCO opportunities
Quantified volume within the estimated drainage area
Estimated production
Other static parameters
Experience. Expertise. Technology

18. PROPERTY TRENDS UNCERTAINTY PRODUCTION ALLOCATION UNCERTAINTY
ALLOCATION PROCESS
ALLOCATION DATASETS
ALTERNATIVE PROPERTY MAPS AND ASSOCIATED VOLUMES
A SET OF SCENARIOS
ROCK-FLUID PROPERTIES
RELATIVE PERMEABILITY
FRACTIONAL FLOW
PVT UNCERTAINTIES
IN PLACE VOLUMES UNCERTAINTIES
SCENARIOS OUTPUT – OPPORTUNITIES ASSESSMENT
UNCERTAINTY & RISK MANAGEMENT
POSEIDON allows the user to perform a multi scenario runs to investigate the impact of allocation, geology and rock-fluid properties to generate a risk profile for each identified LTRO opportunity

19. DATA INTEGRITY SCANNING
What if data is poor…
POSEIDON™ DATASCAN
Allows to screen and identify production data inconsistencies, and provides tool for possible repair

20. Production Data Quality Screening Leveraging POSEIDON™ DATASCAN
CONFIGURATION
DATASET SCAN
QUALITY MAP & REPORT
TREND REPAIRS
DSI toolbox helps engineer to fill in missing data based on other source of data or a trend that engineer is comfortable.
DSI configuration
A flat WCT over 6 months
Sudden change in WCT
Data Issues Flags & Repairs
CONFIGURATION
70 validators in 4 set:
Data quality
Trend behavior
Allocation & Events
Prod./Inj. leakage
DATASET SCAN
To check inconsistency between imported data
Erroneous and/or missing data
Unrealistic trends
QUALITY MAP & REPORT
Individual & combined validator quality map
DataScan Index (DSI) mapping
Automated report
TREND REPAIRS
DSI toolbox helps to repair missing data
Criticality reports

21. DSI validators and results
Generation of ‘suspect’ data heat-map
Available as total DSI and individual validators
Allows to focus attention on critical wells and groups of wells

22. ZONAL ALLOCATION What if allocation is uncertain? POSEIDON™ ALLOCATION
Develop multi-phase zonal allocation scenarios that incorporate all available static, dynamic and surveillance information

23. Experience. Expertise. Technology
POSEIDON – Comingling Analysis Allowing Better Understanding of Allocation
Field Cum Oil, MMstb
Field Commingled Cum Oil, MMstb
Well-1
Well-4
Experience. Expertise. Technology

24. POSEIDON – Production Allocation Product of associate research with Petronas Research Group (PRSB)
HIGH-RESOLUTION PRODUCTION ALLOCATION
POSEIDONTM carries out a multi-phase allocation by fully integrating a pseudo-steady state rate formulation with fractional flow modelling. Permeability profiles at the well and production logs are included in the allocation process. By precisely evaluating the phase allocation uncertainty for each well and layers, the optimum reservoir surveillance program can be determined.
Stochastic solution search
Commingled production assessment
Alternative Allocation scenario generation
KHP KH
MPA
Experience. Expertise. Technology

25. flow-unit CONSTRAINTS
POSEIDON – High Resolution Production Allocation Determination of solutions at the well-layer level and recombination of layer-levels
Data setup
Events qa/qc
Allocation scenarios
Surveillance data
Pressure, plt, rst
MPA
MPA
MPA
WELL-LAYER SOLUTIONS
Flow unit recombination
flow-unit CONSTRAINTS
Solution clustering
Dimensionality reduction
Experience. Expertise. Technology

26. Automated reporting Customized templates and formats
Automated time-efficient process
Customized for specific activities and client processes
Different formats available – MS Word, Power Point, Excel
FRMR/IRFMP slidepack preparation
(customized template for client requirements)
Automated reports generation
BCO and Infills summary tables export
Experience. Expertise. Technology

27. LTRO & POSEIDON GLOBAL EXPERIENCE
ROMANIA
Balaria 500+wells
ROMANIA
Vata 750wells
THAILAND
JASMINE FIELD 20+ wells
MALAYSIA,
West Lutong LTRO (2013)
OMAN
Jahwah BCO study
AUSTRALIA
Due Diligence Applications
Accelerated LTRO (2014)
MALAYSIA
Seligi LTRO and WI studies
LEAP Energy offices
Company poseidon experience
Staff worldwide experience

28. Waterflood efficiency & LTRO
Experience. Expertise. Technology

29. Understanding field sweep patterns
Total production bubble map
Sweep efficiency
Geology clearly evidenced by production behaviour
Watercut bubble map
Water Saturation
Experience. Expertise. Technology

30. POSEIDON™ REMAINING OIL
POSEIDON™ DATASCAN
DATA QUALITY ASSESSMENT
POSEIDON™ PREDICTION
DEVELOPMENT PLANNING AND FORECASTING
Areas with
poor DATA QUALITY
Ensure activities are prioritised consistently and according to historical performance. Applying adequate risking.
Generate automated analysis of data quality using pre-defined validators
POSEIDON™ ALLOCATION
ADVANCED PRODUCTION ALLOCATION
POSEIDON™ REMAINING OIL
REMAINING OIL COMPLIANT MAPPING
Innovative multi-phase, pressure compliant allocation tool.
Integrates static and dynamic property model and workover/intervention history.
Fractional Flow and material balance compliant saturation or contact mapping
POSEIDON™ ANALYTICS
INTEGRATED RESERVOIR PERFORMANCE SCREENING
Rapidly understand where and what the opportunities are over a large field. Deploying a systematic screening process.
Quantify the degree of interaction between wells to optimise alternative waterflood patterns

31. MATURE FIELDS RESERVOIR MANAGEMENT REVOLUTION
POWERED BY POSEIDON
A LEAP ENERGY TECHNOLOGY PLATFORM