1. SKELETAL SYSTEM

2. Functions of the Skeletal System
Your skeleton performs several important functions.
Support and Protection
Body movement
Blood cell formation occurs in bone marrow – “hematopoeisis”
Storage of inorganic materials     (especially calcium phosphate, but also magnesium, sodium, potassium, carbonates and others)

3. 2 Main Divisions – Axial & Appendicular
ORGANIZATION
About 208 bones
2 Main Divisions – Axial & Appendicular

4. Axial Skeleton Head, neck, trunk
Hyoid Bone (upper neck, under jaw, mandible)
Vertebral Column (spine/backbone)
Thoracic Cage (ribs, 12 pairs)
Sternum (Breast Bone)

5. Hyoid Bone
Unlike other bones, the hyoid is only distantly articulated to other bones by muscles or ligaments. The hyoid is anchored by muscles from the anterior, posterior and inferior directions, and aids in tongue movement and swallowing.

6. Appendicular Skeleton
Consists of the Limbs & Bones that connect to the…
Lower Limbs (Legs) attach to: Pelvic Girdle (coxal bones)
Upper Limbs (Arms) Attach to: Pectoral Girdle (scapula & clavicle)

7. Mr. Bones Apart Intro Assignment
Re-assemble the skeleton in the correct order.
Tape/Paste the parts together on a separate sheet of paper.
Using a textbook, label any 20 unique bones. (Chapter 5)

8. BONE STRUCTURE - Long Bone (Typical Bone)
Epiphysis
Diaphysis
Articular Cartilage
Periosteum
Medullary Cavity

9. Two Types of Bone Tissue
Compact - found in wall of the diaphysis
Spongy (aka cancellous or red marrow) found in epiphysis

10. Inside the Long Bone
Medullary Cavity – hollow chamber within the diaphysis. Filled with soft specialized tissue called bone marrow.
Red Marrow - mainly in spongy bone in adults. Produces blood cells
Yellow Marrow - fat storage. Replaces much of the red marrow in diaphysis through childhood

11. Structure of a Long Bone
Figure 6.3a-c

12. * Assignment *
– Coloring of a Long Bone

13. Mini-Matching Quiz Next Class4 1 5 6
Medullary Cavity
Spongy Bone
Nutrient Artery
Periosteum
Diaphysis
Epiphysis
Articular Cartilage
Epiphyseal disk (line) 7 2 8 9
Nutrient Artery 10 3

14. Quiz Time!! Medullary Cavity Spongy Bone Nutrient Artery Periosteum4 1
Label 1-10 on a separate sheet of paper. 5 6
Medullary Cavity
Spongy Bone
Nutrient Artery
Periosteum
Diaphysis
Epiphysis
Articular Cartilage
Epiphyseal disk (line) 7 2 8 9
Nutrient Artery 10 3

15. Video Exit Quiz List any 2 functions of skeletal system.
Using two anatomical terms, explain why the bones are alive.

16. BONE DEVELOPMENT & GROWTH
- All bones start as ARTICULAR CARTILAGE.
- The cartilage gradually turn to bone tissue. This process is called OSSIFICATION.
         
OSSIFICATION PROCESS

17. Remember: All bones start as HYALINE CARTILAGE (aka ARTICULAR).

18. Ossification (Cartilage  Bone)
PRIMARY OSSIFICATION CENTER (occurs in middle of diaphysis, happens by 4 months of age)   
     
SECONDARY OSSIFICATION CENTER (occurs in the epiphysis, happens by 5 years of age)

19. Bone Development & Growth
EPIPHYSEAL DISK  (Growth Plate) is a band of cartilage between the epiphysis and diaphysis that increases bone length as the cells reproduce & ossify
17-20 years = bones of upper appendicular skeleton are ossified
18-23 years = bones of lower appendicular skeleton are ossified
23-25 years = bones of sternum, clavicle and vertebrae are ossified
By 25 years = All bones are ossified

20. Types of Bone Cells
-Osteoblasts form new bone tissue. (immature cells that turn into osteocytes)
-Osteocytes are mature bone cells that maintain tissue.
Osteoclasts cells in medullary cavity that dissolve and absorbs bone tissue during growth and healing. (Process of Resorption)

21. Bone Growth & Repair
At the same time new bone tissue is being added to the outside of the bone.
This process is known as RESORPTION.

22. Other important terms in Bone Formation
Parathyroid Hormone = hormone that releases more calcium from bone to blood.
Calcitonin = hormone that reduces the amount of calcium in blood.

23. Anatomy 9/21
- Staple Long Bone Assignment from last class to today’s worksheet. This is due before you leave class.
- The online assignment is due next class. Just complete the first side with the 3 websites. The direct links can be found on my fusion page.

24. Bone Growth
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25. Bone Growth
* Assignment * - Coloring of the Aging Hand

26. Bone Histology– Microscopic view of bone tissues

27. Microscopic Structure
-OSTEOCYTES  - mature bone cells, enclosed in tiny chambers called LACUNAE.
-Osteocyes form concentric "ring" (layers) around a passageway called the HAVERSION CANAL.
-Osteocytes are linked by CANALICULI.

28. Microscopic Structure
Many Osteocytes together is known as an OSTEON
Haversian Canals are linked by VOLKMAN's CANALS. All of these canals contain blood vessels and nerve fibers.
Osteon

29. Compact Bone *Assignment * 1. Bone Matrix Color/Label.2 1 3
*Assignment *
1. Bone Matrix Color/Label.
2. Short Answer Questions, page #1, 2, 3, 6,11,12, 16, 17, 21, 28, 29. 4 5 6 8 7

30. Transverse cut of a long bone
osteon
osteocyte
Haversian canal
Volkmann’s canal

31. Quiz Time!! - Haversian Canal - Volkman's Canal Osteon Osteocytes
Label 1-8 on a separate sheet of paper.
Identify the following:
- Haversian Canal
- Volkman's Canal
Osteon
Osteocytes
- Spongy Bone
Periosteum
Canaliculi
Lacunae
Quiz Time!! 2 1 3 4 5 6 8 7

32. B A D C F E Quiz Time!! - Haversian Canal - Volkman's Canal Osteon
Label A-F on a half sheet of paper.
Identify the following:
- Haversian Canal
- Volkman's Canal
Osteon
Osteocytes
- Spongy Bone
Compact Bone
Canaliculi *
Lacunae * D C F E

33. 3 Types of Joints (articulations)
Fibrous (not moveable aka fixed, ex: skull)
Cartilaginous (slightly moveable, ex: vertebrae)
Synovial (moveable joint, ex: elbow)

34. Synovial fluid - fluid within the joints that helps to lubricate

35. 1. Ball and Socket 2. Hinge 3. Pivot 4. Saddle
Types of Synovial Joints
1.  Ball and Socket
2.  Hinge
3.  Pivot
4.  Saddle

36. Use page 193-195 to answer types of movement questions #11-12
Use page to answer types of movement questions # We will have a open note quiz in last ten minutes of class based on this information. Use your time wisely.

37. Types of Movement Open Note Quiz
Label 1-3 on a separate sheet of paper. Skip some spaces between numbers.
Doing arm circles requires one movement type. List and explain why.
Doing jumping jacks requires two movement types. List them and explain why.
Completely straightening your hand while you raise it to answer a question in class. List the one movement type and explain why.

38. After the Skeletal System Quiz
To do: - Pick up a Skeleton Labeling Worksheet
- Label and color each bone on front. (page 140 in book)
Answer questions on back
This assignment will be collected on Tuesday. Please start studying these bones now.
Coming up:
Next Lab dissection will be Tuesday (Chicken Limb)
Skeleton Label Quiz next Thursday (October 2)

39. Overview of Skeletal Bones

40. Vertebrae Middle Back = thoracic (T1-T12) Lower Back = lumbar (L1-L5)
Neck = cervical (C1-C7)
Middle Back = thoracic (T1-T12)
Lower Back = lumbar (L1-L5)

41. But wait… it gets more complicated!
Get ready for College Anatomy and Physiology!!

42. Thoracic Cage

43. Pectoral Girdle

44. Bones of the Arm
Ulna goes to pinky  (P-U)
Radius goes to thumb

45. Wrist Bones
For test:
- Carpals
- Metacarpals
- Phalanges

46. Name the carpals for extra credit on test.

47. Pelvic Girdle

48. Bones of the Leg

49. Bones of the Ankle For Test Calcaneous Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges
Assignment – Skeleton Labeling

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52. BONES OF THE SKULL -

53. Necessary Vocabulary
Foramen - refers to any tiny opening, nerves and blood vessels leave this opening to supply the face
Mental Foramen

54. Process - a projection or outgrowth of tissue from a larger body

55. Suture - refers to any connection between large bones
Fissure - any wide gap between bones

56. 8 Major Skull Bones Frontal Temporal Zygomatic Parietal Mandible
Occipital
Temporal
Mandible
Maxilla
Zygomatic
Sphenoid

57. Sutures - Fibrous or Non-moveable joints
1. Coronal - between frontal and parietal bones 2. Lambdoidal - between occipital and parietal bones 3. Squamosal - between temporal and parietal bones 4. Sagittal - between parietal bones

58. Bones of the Skull & Sutures

59. Lobes of Brain
* Assignment: Skull Labeling

60. Anterior View

61. Lateral View
Figure 6.10

62. Inferior View
Figure 6.10

63. Superior View
Occipital
Lambdoidal
Sagittal
Coronal
Frontal

64. Required Skull Bones
Frontal Parietal Occipital Temporal Mandible Maxilla Zygomatic Sphenoid Lambdoidal Suture
Squamosal Suture Sagittal Suture Coronal Suture Lacrimal Bone Zygomatic Process Mastoid Process Styloid Process Mental Foramen Vomer Bone
* Bold terms must be colored on each diagram

65. Broken Bones

68. Identify Bones on a real skeleton • Lab Practical Test
Upcoming Assignments
The Skeleton Mystery - read about a “crime scene” and reconstruct skeletons to identify the remains
Watch a Bones Episode
Identify Bones on a real skeleton • Lab Practical Test
Medical Imaging – learn how doctors view bones and diagnose problems

69. TEST INFORMATION
Test will cover everything in your notes and on the slides presented in class
Visit biologycorner.com for study aids
A second test will occur that covers the lab portion

70. Abnormal Bone Conditions
BONE SPURS: abnormal growth. Can occur on any bone (e.g. heel).
OSTEOPOROSIS: Increased activity of osteoclasts cause a break down bone, and the subsequent fewer minerals in the extracellular matrix make it fragile. The spongy bone especially becomes more porous.
Men get it as well as women. What’s the best way to prevent osteoporosis? Exercise! What does exercise do? Makes bones bigger.
The most common bone used for a bone graft is the iliac bone of the hip.

71. Osteoporosis
Figure 6.15

72. Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease which causes joint stiffness and bone deformity
Source: 

73. ABNORMALITIES OF THE SPINE
SCOLIOSIS is a lateral curve in the spine
KYPHOSIS is a hunchback curve
LORDOSIS is a swayback in the lower region.
ANKYLOSIS is severe arthritis in the spine and the vertebrae fuse.

74. SCOLIOSIS

75. LORDOSIS

76. ANKYLOSIS

77. FUN FACTS ABOUT BONESBone is made of the same type of minerals as limestone.
Babies are born with 300 bones, but by adulthood we have only 206 in our bodies.
The giraffe has the same number of bones in its neck as a human: seven in total.
The long horned ram can take a head butt at 25 mph. The human skull will fracture at 5mph.