1. The Risorgimento Creating an Italian Nation-State ‘Passion of Mazzini, audacity of Garibaldi, and the cunningness of Cavour’

2. Political Unification of the Italian Peninsula, 1859-1870  The Kingdom of Piedmont- Sardinia, a modern state, manipulated great power politics, nationalist sentiments, and popular insurrections to politically unite the Italian peninsula by creating the nation- state of Italy.

3. Barriers to Italian Unification: Italy, “a mere geographic expression.”  Regional differences  Cultural  Economic  Political  Great power politics  Papacy  Political ideologies

4. Forces Pushing for Unification  Common cultural elements  Nationalism  Ascendance of Piedmont-Sardinia  Great power politics King Victor-Emmanuel II of Piedmont-Sardinia, and later of Italy

5. Common cultural elements  Catholicism  Written Italian St. Peter’s Basilica, Rome

6. Nationalism  Revolutionary tradition: Carbonari  Liberals and Republicans  Mazzini  Garibaldi  Resentment of great power interference Guissepe Mazzini, founder of Giovine Italia (Young Italy)

7. The Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia  Modern state  Constitutional monarchy  Efficient bureaucracy  Economically successful  Able political leadership, Cavour Count Camillo di Cavour Prime Minister of Piedmont-Sardinia

8. Piedmont-Sardinia Played Great Power Politics  Crimean War  Alliance with France  Commercial treaty  Diplomatic marriage  Mutual defense treaty  French interest  Commerce  Nice and Savoy  Rome Napoleon III Emperor of France

9. Isolated Austria  Piedmont-Sardinia provoked war with Austria  P-S Isolated Austria  French support for P-S  Austria defeated  Battles in northern Italy  France limits support  P-S gains Lombardy Francis Joseph Emperor of Austria

10. Francis Joseph eventually adopted the appropriate facial hair for an old school monarch of his generation

11. Annexations enlarged Piedmont-sardinia  Cavour encouraged revolutions  Successful: Romagna, Tuscany, Modena, and Parma  Annexed by P-S, approved by plebiscites  Unsuccessful: Rome  P-S treaty with France  F: recognized annexations  P-S: ceded Nice and Savoy

12. Giuseppe Garibaldi Led Insurrections in the South  Garibaldi  Nationalist and Republican  Mutual distrust with Cavour  Commanded volunteer army: Red Shirts  Joined rebellions in Sicily (against milling taxes and bread prices) and Naples (led by urban workers) Giuseppe Garibaldi, 1860

13. Garibaldi’s Move South “The General has ridden through the city on horseback. When the population sees him, they take fire. There is a magic in his look and in his name. It is only Garibaldi they want.” –a soldier

14. The Enlarged Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia Added the Mezzogiorno  Garibaldi’s forces and local rebellions unseated the King of the Two Sicilies  P-S troops marched to Rome  Pope opposed unification  Garibaldi & Victor-Emmanuel  Victor-Emmanuel II: First King of Italy “Free, and nearly entirely united, the opinion of civilized nations is favorable to us; the just and liberal principles, now prevailing in the councils of Europe, are favorable to us. Italy herself, too, will become a guarantee of order and peace, and will once more be an efficacious instrument of universal civilization....These facts have inspired the nation with great confidence in its own destinies. I take pleasure in manifesting to the first Parliament of Italy the joy I feel in my heart as king and soldier.” Victor Emmanuel, 1861

15. Garibaldi’s Legacy Garabaldi on Horseback, 1900, Via dell' Independenza, Bologna Memorial in Washington Square, New York City Sculpture by Erminio Blotta, Argentina Garibaldi Memorial in Taganrog, Russia

16. Additions to Italy  1866- Prussia defeated Austria, Italy gained Venetia  1870- Prussia defeated France, Italy gained Rome  Italia Irredenta- Nationalists agitate to add “unredeemed” lands to Italy

17. The New State  “We have made Italy; now we must make Italians.”  Constitutional monarchy, limited male franchise  Number of male voters grew: 1871 (600,000), 1882 (2 million), 1912 (4 million)  National identity limited by illiteracy  70% in 1871, 50% in 1900

18. Continued Divisions  Weak sense of national identity.  “What is Italy?”  North vs. South  Increasing prosperity gap: landowners vs. rural proletariat  Migration  Social unrest  Political diversity

19. Conclusions  Between 1859 and 1870, Piedmont- Sardinia took the lead in forging an Italian nation-state  War, foreign intervention, nationalism, and popular insurrections all contributed to replacing eight political units with one Kingdom of Italy  The new state sought to extend its powers at home and abroad