1. Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 Section 4 CHAPTER 8 THE RISE OF ROME

2. Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 Section 4 SECTION 1 ROME’S BEGINNING PAGES 262 - 267 Look at the map: Describe how you think Italy’s geography might have influenced the early history of Rome.

3. Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 Section 4 Geography of Rome Challenge Open your notebook so there are 2 blank pages (one on each side). You may tape or staple the map of Rome/Europe on the LEFT side or put it in your binder… Don’t lose it. Title the RIGHT side GEOGRAPHY OF ROME CHALLENGE QUESTIONS.

4. Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 Section 4 Geography of Rome Challenge (p. 307 in History Alive!) You may work in pairs or triads In your groups you will complete 8 Geography Challenge cards Make sure to answer the questions on the cards in your notebook in complete sentences that restate the questions Your group may draw only 1 challenge card at a time You must return that card and have your work checked off by your teacher before you can grab another card

5. Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 Section 4 Tape, staple (notebook), or place in binder the “Founding of Rome” article on the next page Read and annotate the article. Determine importance and monitor for meaning as you annotate. Answer the questions in the text boxes.

6. Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 Section 4 ADVANTAGES OF ROME’S GEOGRAPHY Central location 15 miles up the Tiber River- source of water & a way to the Mediterranean world Far enough from sea to escape pirate raids Less rugged mountains, large flat plains which made better farmland Built on 7 hills – easy to defend city from enemies Important center for trade

7. Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 Section 4 Create a flow chart that looks like the one below on the next page Rome Etruscan Influences Greek Influences Using your notes, fill in the arrows with information on how the ancient Etruscans and Greeks influenced the development of Ancient Rome:

8. Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 Section 4 EARLY INFLUENCES ETRUSCAN CONTRIBUTIONS Transformed Rome into a city of wood & brick buildings Laid out streets, temples, & public buildings around a central square Taught the Romans to wear short cloaks and togas Army served as a model for the Romans

9. Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 Section 4 EARLY INFLUENCES GREEKCONTRIBUTIONS Learned to grow olives and grapes Adopted the Greek alphabet Modeled architecture, sculpture, and literature after them

10. Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 Section 4 Ancient Rome Word Sort Directions 1.Dump out the words in your word sort envelope in the center of your table. 2.As a group, read over each of the words and say them aloud. 3.Try to group words that are similar together into categories. 4.Label these categories with the post-it notes provided. 5.Be prepared to provide a reasoning (explanation) of why you grouped the words the way you did.

11. Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 Section 4 SECTION 1 CONTINUED: ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS BELOW: What is the Roman Republic? How was the Roman army changed from the Greek army?

12. Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 Section 4 SECTION 1 CONTINUED: THE BIRTH OF A REPUBLIC WHAT IS THE ROMAN REPUBLIC? * Form of government in which the leader is not a king or queen, but some one is put in office by citizens with the right to vote.

13. Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 Section 4 HOW WAS THE ROMAN ARMY CHANGED FROM THE GREEK ARMY? Reorganized soldiers into smaller groups called legions. Legions are groups of 6,000 men & then those men are divided into groups of 60-120 soldiers.

14. Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 Section 4 PATRICIANSPLEBEIANS DETERMINE THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE TWO KINDS OF ROMAN CITIZENS

15. Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 Section 4 PATRICIANS wealthy landowners, made up Rome’s ruling class PLEBEIANS included artisans, shopkeepers, & owners of small farms BOTH MEN: right to vote, responsibility to pay taxes and serve in the army * Patricians could ONLY hold public office *

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17. Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 Section 4 ANSWER THE QUESTIONS BELOW: Who was Cincinnatus and why is he important? What was unusual about the office of Roman dictator? What was Rome’s law system and why was it important? Why did Rome and Carthage go to war with each other?

18. Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 Section 4 * Best –known early Roman dictator * As dictator he was admired by his people and even others later on in history (George Washington)

19. Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 Section 4 Roman dictators have complete control, BUT they only ruled on a temporary basis.

20. Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 Section 4 * Rome’s first law system was known as the Twelve Tables. * Important because it is the basis of the United States legal system

21. Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 Section 4 WHY DID ROME GO TO WAR WITH CARTHAGE? * For control of Sicily- this would mean they would have control of the Mediterranean Sea.

22. Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 Section 4 Rome built a large fleet Rome defeats Carthage at sea War ends in 241BC – Rome encouraged Spanish to rebel Flow Map that depicts the events from the start of the First Punic War to the start of the Second Punic War Gained control of Sicily Gained control of Spain

23. Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 Section 4 Dishonest officials stole money Rich people held the power Rich were forcing owners of small farms out of business Enslaved labor displaced small farmers Cities were becoming overcrowded and dangerous TROUBLE IN THE REPUBLIC

24. Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 Section 4 VOCABULARY LATIFUNDIA – large farming estate “BREAD AND CIRCUSES - cheap food & entertainment to win the vote of the poor TRIUMVIRATE- political alliance of 3 people.

25. Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 Section 4 1.Who was part of the first triumvirate? 2. Describe Caesar’s reign. 3. Why did Brutus, Cassius, and others kill Caesar?

26. Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 Section 4 * Members of the first triumvirate were: Crassus, Pompey, and Julius Caesar WHO IS PART OF THE FIRST TRIUMVIRATE?

27. Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 Section 4 * They feared that Caesar wanted to be king * Known as the “Ides of March” WHY DID BRUTUS, CASSIUS, AND OTHERS KILL CAESAR?

28. Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 Section 4 4. Who is part of the Second Triumvirate? 5. What happened at the Battle of Actium?

29. Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 Section 4 OCTAVIAN- Caesar’s grandnephew ANTONY - Caesar’s top generals LEPIDUS

30. Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 Section 4 * Battle at which Octavian defeated Antony and Cleopatra and would lay the foundation for a new system of government- The Roman Empire

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32. Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 Section 4 Imagine you are a Roman citizen and have been asked to speak at Augustus’ funeral- Recognize some of Augustus’ important accomplishments Began the Pax Romana- “Roman Peace” Created a professional army-(150,000 Roman citizens) Created the Praetorian Guard- group of 9,000 men who looked after the emperor Rebuilt Rome with palaces, fountains, and public buildings Imported grain from Africa to feed the poor Appointed a proconsul or governor for each of Rome’s provinces Changed the tax laws Extended the Roman territory Gave rights to non-citizens / changed legal system

33. DEFINE THE FOLLOWING: Pax Ramona Aqueduct Colosseum 1. means “Roman Peace”- A long era peace beginning with Augustus 2. Human made channel built for carrying water long distances 3. A huge amphitheatre

34. Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 Section 4 Changes Augustus Made Built a professional army Reduced hunger New professional governors Increased amount of money controlled by government Added more land to the empire Imported grain Improved local government Tax collectors were made government workers

35. Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 Section 4 The Julio- Claudian Emperors Tiberius- kept Rome’s economy stable Caligula- mentally ill- Praetorian Guard killed him Claudius- conquered most of Britain Nero- vicious man- said to have fiddled while Rome burned All came from Augustus’ family

36. Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 Section 4 The “Good Emperors” Nerva- reformed land laws in favor of the poor Trajan- expanded the Roman Empire to its largest size Hadrian- Made Roman law easier to understand –built Hadrian’s Wall Antoninus Pius- passed laws to help orpahs Marcus Aurelius - helped unite the empire All the emperors supported public building projects Were known as the “Good Emperors” because during their nearly 100 year reign trade increased, agriculture flourished, and the standard of living rose

37. Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 Section 4  Supporters: strong leader who brought peace  Enemies: feared Caesar wanted to be king “power hungry”  Created the 12 month calendar

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