1. From Republic to Empire

2. Punic War Legacy  Hannibal burned the countryside, wealth in the cities  City flooded with war refugees, slaves  Unemployed farmers- class conflict  Roman elites more concerned with protecting what they have

3. The Gracchi Brothers  Tribune Tiberius, proposes land ownership be capped at 640 acres (133 BCE)  State seizure of land  Wealthy not happy!  Another tribune Octavius opposed Tiberius  Tiberius had Octavius removed from office  2 nd term for Tiberius?  Nope, he was assassinated by a group of Senators!

4. The Gracchi Bros, continued  Enter Gaius, popular among the masses, elected new tribune (123 BCE)  Pushed laws through the assembly which benefitted the plebian classes  Proposed expanding the definition of citizenship  How would that benefit him?  121 BCE Senate declares him enemy of the state  Asked to meet with the same senators who killed his brother  What do you think will happen next?

5. Yes they killed him, but how?  No, Daniel, that is not correct.  That is also not correct, Marnel.  No, Paul, I’m sorry that is not correct.  Close, but no I’m afraid not Kate. Temple  across the Tiber  caught and killed. 3,000 of his supporters slaughtered as well. Bounty on his head, paid its weight in gold. So…..

6. Civil War, 88 BCE 107 BCE G. Marius elected consul, takes over Numidia, west of Carthage Lt Sulla led the troops and jealous of Marius’ fame 88 BCE civil war breaks out Marius changed the army- volunteers, poorest men in Rome. Promised land as payment Sulla defeats Marius in the war

7. Fear of the People Senate is concerned about the growing power of the commoners Grants Sulla a dictatorship of the government Sulla Reforms : Lessen the power of the assembly and tribunes Increase power of the Senate Kill opponents (proscription), thousands

8. Mental Break

9. Pompey and Crassus  Pompey and Crassus are named consuls upon Sulla’s death 78 BCE  Repealed his changes, allied themselves with the assemblies  Pompey becomes very popular with the plebeians  Crassus is frightened/jealous of his popularity  Creates an alliance with the popular general, J Caesar  First Triumvirate formed: Pompey, Crassus, Caesar, a secret alliance to grab power in the Republic. 60 BCE

10. Roman Army: Legions  Legion was the basic unit of Rome’s standing army  Smallest unit was the tent group (8 men)  Organized into a century (80-100 men)- commended by a centurion  The basic fighting unit was a cohort (6 centuries- 480-600 men)  The largest single group was the legion (10 cohorts- 4,800-6,000 men)